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WOED- ANALYSIS: 

A  GRADED  CLASS=BOOK 

OF 

ENGLISH   DERIVATIVE   WORDS, 

WITH 

PRACTICAL    EXERCISES 


SPELLING,  ANALYZING,  DEFINING,  SYNONYMS,  AND 
THE  USE   OF  WORDS. 


BY 

WILLIAM   SWINTON,   A.  M, 

Professor  of  the  English  Language  in  the  University  of  California,  and  Author  of 

"  Rambles  among  Words,"  "Condensed  History  of  the  United  States," 

♦•  Word-Book  of  English  Spelling,"  "  First  Lessons  in  Our 

Country's  History,"  etc.,  etc. 


NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAaO: 

lYISON,   BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR,  AND  COMPANY. 

1875. 


JZ0^4.,       J^.         /-^>Ui.*^. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1871, 

By  WILLIAjM  SWINTON, 

In  the  OflQlce  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


PREFACE. 


If  the  study  of  Word- Analysis  has  not  yet  the  assured  and  defi- 
nite place  it  should  by  rights  have  in  our  ordinary  school  course, 
we  may  perhaps  find  the  reason  in  the  lack,  thus  far,  of  text-books 
technically  constructed  with  a  view  to  such  simplification  and  gradu- 
ation of  the  study  as  are  required  to  meet  the  needs  of  elementary 
instruction.  There  is,  at  least,  a  wide  and  growing  realization  of 
the  fact  that  the  study  of  the  English  language  is  very  inadequately 
provided  for  in  the  old  system,  which  deals  but  with  the  forms  of 
our  native  speech,  and  does  not  even  touch  its  substance.  The  bar- 
renness of  the  ancient  grammatical  training  is  too  notorious  for  it  to 
be  possible  that  it  should  long  retain  its  usurped  primacy  as  the  sole 
means  of  linguistic  discipline.  Formal  grammar  will  not  lose  its 
place,  and  should  not  lose  its  place ;  but  we  may  well  believe  that 
it  will  undergo  such  a  re-adjustment  as  the  enlarged  modem  views 
demand-r-at  any  rate,  that  it  shall  not  displace  other  branches  of 
the  study  of  English  that  are  equally  important  and  far  more  fruit- 
ful. Theoretically,  the  study  of  the  English  language  embraces 
three  departments : 

1.  The  study  of  the  English  vocabulary — ^Word- Analysis. 

2.  The  study  of  the  structure  of  English — Mixed  Grammar  and 
Composition. 

3.  The  study  of  English  forms — Grammar. 

The  Graded  Word-Book  has  for  its  object  to  supply  a  practical 
working  manual  treating  of  the  Jlrst  department  of  the  study  of  our 
language — namely,  the  study  of  the  English  vocabulary.  It  presents 
three  prominent  points  of  peculiarity  that  distinguish  it  from  all  pre- 
vious text-books  of  etymology : — 

1.  It  is  so  graded  that  part  I  deals  exclusively  with  English  primi- 
tives and  their  derivatives.  On  this  head  little  will  need  to  be  said 
in  justification.  It  will  probably  be  conceded  by  the  majority  of 
teachers  that  the  main  obstacle  to  the  utility  of  existing  class-books 
of  etymology  arises  from  the  fact  that  they  assume  on  the  part  of  the* 
pupil  a  knowledge  of  classical  roots  and  forms  which  it  is  impossi- 


M;^8929iS 


4  PKEFACE. 

ble  he  should  possess.  The  author  believes  that  the  whole  logic 
and  rationale  of  word-formation  may  be  amply  illustrated  without 
going  beyond  simple  English  and  Saxon  primitives.  When  once 
the  real  nature  of  the  formative  elements  and  the  philosophy  of 
word-building  have  been  mastered  by  the  scholar,  he  will  advance 
with  pleasure  and  profit  to  the  study  of  Latin  and  Greek  deriva- 
tives.    Accordingly,  all  classical  roots  are  relegated  to  Part  II. 

2.  The  treatment  of  the  Latin  derivatives  in  Part  n  presents  a 
new  and  important  feature,  to  wit :  the  systematic  analysis  of  the 
structure  and  organism  of  derivative  words,  together  with  the  state- 
ment of  then-  primary  meaning  in  such  form  that  the  pupil  inevita- 
bly perceives  its  relation  with  the  root,  and  in  fact  malces  its  primary 
meaning  by  the  very  process  of  analysing  the  word  into  its  pilmi- 
tive  and  its  modifying  prefix  or  suflSx.  It  presents,  also,  a  marked 
improvement  in  the  method  of  approaching  the  definition — a  method 
by  which  the  definition  is  seen  to  grow  out  of  the  primary  meaning, 
and  by  which  the  analytic  faculty  of  the.  pupil  is  exercised  in  trac- 
ing the  transition  from  the  primary  meaning  to  the  secondary  and 
figurative  meanings — thus  converting  what  is  ordinarily  a  matter 
of  rote  into  an  agreeable  exercise  of  the  thinking  faculty. 

3.  The  third  point  of  novelty  in  the  method  of  treatment  is  pre- 
sented in  the  copious  practical  exercises  on  the  use  of  words.  It  is 
believed  this  feature  will  readily  commend  itself  to  all  practical 
teachers;  and  accordingly,  the  author  refers  the  schoolmaster  or 
schoolmistress  to  an  examination  of  those  exercises  themselves.  The 
experienced  instructor  very  well  knows  that  his  scholars  may  mem- 
orize endless  lists  of  terms  and  definitions  without  having  any 
realization  of  the  actual  living  power  of  words.  Such  a  realization 
can  only  be  gained  by  using  the  word — by  turning  it  over  in  a 
variety  of  ways,  and  by  throwing  upon  it  the  side-lights  of  its  syn- 
onym and  contrasted  word.  The  method  of  thus  utilizing  English 
derivatives  gives  a  study  which  possesses  at  once  simplicity  and 
fruitfulnese — the  two  desiderata  of  an  instrument  of  elementary 
discipline. 

1^^  The  prominent  points  in  the  G-radbd  Word-Book  are :  — 

1.  The  clear  and  simple  method  of  word- analysis  and  definition. 

2.  The  practical  exercises  in  spelling,  defining,  and  the  use  of 
words  in  actual  composition. 

3.  The  adaptation  of  the  manual,  by  its  progressive  character,  to 
the  needs  of  the  several  grades  of  public  and  private  Schools. 


CONTENTS. 


PART  L 

PAGE 

jri.  Definitions 7 

11.  English  Prefixes 9 

ill.  English  Sufiaxes 13 

IV.  Exercises  in  Word-Formation 25 

V.  English  Derivatives 28 

VI.  Exercises  for  Practice 43 

VII.  Derivatives  from  Anglo-Saxon 44 

PART  II. 

I.  Explanations 52 

II.  Latin  Prefixes 53 

III  Latin  Suffixes 55 

IV.  Latin  Derivatives 57 

V.  Derivatives  and  Definitions 86 

PART  in 

I.  Greek  Derivatives 95 

IL  The  Study  of  Words , 107 

III.  English  Synonyms 110 

IV.  Latin  Words  and  Phrases  in  current  use 120 

V.  Geographical  Derivatives 123 

VL  Abbreviations 124 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Part  I. 


I.— DEFINITIONS. 

1.  An  English  primitive  word,  or  root,  is  a  word  in  its  simplest 
English  form,  without  prefix  or  suffix.  Give  examples.  Ans.  Man, 
Safe,  Tell,  Navigate. 

Part  I.  of  the  Word- Analysis  takes  no  note  of  the  origin  of  words  back 
of  the  Engliah  language.  'Navigate,"  for  example,  is  derived  from  a 
Latin  root — navis  a  ship,  and  is,  with  reference  to  Latin^  a  derivative  word ; 
but  in  Part  I.  it  is  treated  as  a  primitive  word  for  the  reason  that  it  occurs 
in  no  simpler  English  form. 

2.  A  prefix  is  a  significant  syllable  joined  to  the  beginning  of  a 
primitive  word.      Give  examples.     Ans.  Un,  fore,  circum. 

Join  the  prefix  un  to  the  beginning  of  the  primitive  word  '  safe,' 
and  what  word  have  you?  Ans.  Unsafe.  Define  it.  Ans,  Not 
safe.     What,  then,  does  the  prefix  un  mean  ?     Ans.  It  means  not. 

Join  the  prefix  fore  to  the  beginning  of  the  primitive  word  *  tell,' 
and  what  word  have  you?  Ans.  Foretell.  Define  it.  Ans,  To 
tell  beforehand.  What,  then,  does  the  prefix  fore  mean  ?  Ans.  Be- 
forehand., or  previously. 

Join  the  prefix  circum  to  the  beginning  of  the  primitive  word 
*  navigate,'  and  what  word  have  you  ?  Ans.  Circumnavigate.  De- 
fine it.  Ans.  To  navigate  or  sail  around  the  earth,  or  a  part  of  it. 
What,  then,  does  the  prefix  circum  mean  ?     Ans.  Around. 

3.  A  suffix  is  a  significant  syllable  joined  to  the  end  of  a  primi- 
tive word.     Give  examples.     Ans.  Ly,  er,  less. 

Join  the  sufiix  ly  to  the  end  of  the  primitive  word  *man,'  and 
what  word  have  you  ?  Ans.  Manly.  Define  it.  Ans.  Man-?zX^^,  oi 
like  a  man.  What,  then,  does  the  suffix  ly  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means 
like.  What  is  it  originally?  Ans.  It  is  a  shortening  of  the  old 
English  word  lie,  which  signified  like. 

Join  the  sufliix  er  to  the  end  of  the  primitive  word  *  teach,'  and 
what  word  have  you  ?     Ans.  Teacher.     Define  it.     Ans.   One  who 


8  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

teaches.  What,  then,  does  the  suffix  er  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means  one 
who. 

Join  the  suffix  er  to  the  end  of  the  primitive  word  '  sweet,'  and 
what  word  have  you  ?  Aiis,  Sweeter.  What  does  er  mean  in  this 
word?  Ans.  It  means  more.  When  does  er  mean  more?  Ans. 
When  it  is  joined  to  adjectives  it  means  morej  and  it  is  said  to 
form  the  "  comparative  degree." 

Join  the  suffix  less  to  the  end  of  the  primitive  word  '  money,'  and 
what  word  have  you  ?  A71S.  Moneyless.  Its  meaning?  Ans.  With- 
out money.     What,  then,  does  the  suffix  less  mean  ?     Ans.    Without, 

4.  A  derivative  word  is  one  formed  from  a  primitive  word  by 
the  addition  of  a  prefix  or  suffix,  or  both.  Grive  examijles.  An>s. 
Circumnavigate,  foretell,  teacher,  unmanly. 

5.  The  analysis  of  words,  or  "word-analysis,"  is  the  separating 
of  derivative  words  into  their  prefixes,  suffixes,  and  primitives. 

How  is  word-analysis  conveniently  marked  in  this  book  ?  Ans. 
By  putting  the  sign  +  between  the  root  and  the  prefix  or  suffix. 
How  do  you  read  this  sign  -h  ?  Ans.  It  is  read  plus,  and  is  the  sign 
of  addition  in  mathematics. 

How  would  you  write  the  analysis  of  the  word  '  unsafe '  ?  Ans. 
Un  4-  safe.  How  is  it  read  ?  Ans.  "  Un  plus  safe."  How  would 
you  write  the  analysis  of  *  manly '  ?  Ans.  Man  +  ly.  Read  how  ? 
"  Man  plus  ly."  How  would  you  write  the  analysis  of  the  word 
*  imhappiness '  ?  A71S.  Un  +  happy  -f-  ness.  How  read  ?  Ans. 
"  Un  plus  happy  plus  ness." 

6.  Defining  is  telling  the  meaning  of  words. 

Wliat  sign  is  used  in  this  book  to  connect  the  definition  of  a  word 
with  its  analysis?  Ans.  The  sign  =.  How  do  you  read  this  sign? 
Ans.  It  is  read  equal  to,  and  is  the  sign  of  equality  in  mathematics. 
How  would  you  read  Un  +  happy  +  ness  =  the  state  of  leing  not 
happy  ?  Ans.  "  Un  plus  happy  plus  ness  equal  to,  the  state  of  being 
not  happy." 

These  signs  will  be  found  very  convenient  to  use  in  written  class-exer- 
cises in  analysis. 

7.  A  synonym  is  a  word  that  signifies  the  same  or  nearly  the  same 
as  another  word.  Can  you  give  a  synonym  of  *  freedom '  ?  Ans. 
•Liberty.'  Of  'unsafe'?  Ans.  insecure.'  Of  *tall'?  Ans. 
^ofty.' 

8.  Etymology  treats  of  the  derivation  or  origin  of  words.  From 
what  is  '  circumnavigate '  derived  ?  Ans.  From  *  navigate.'  *  Un- 
happiness'?    ^7i«.  From  *  happy' 


ENGLISH  PREFIXES.  9 

IL— EJSTGLISH  PREFIXES. 

1^"  The  prefixes  given  in  Part  L  are  confined  to  those  actually  used  in 
forming  derivatives  from  English  primitives. 

1.  The  Prefix  a. 

What  doe's  the  prefix  a  mean  ?     Ans.  It  means  on  or  in. 
Analyze  and  define  ashore.     J.7^s.  A + shore =071  the  shore.* 
Analyze  and  define  abed.     Ans,  A+bed=m  bed. 

EXERCISE. 

Analyze  and  define  aloft ;  afire  ;  afoot ;  aground. 
Combine  and  define  a  +  sleep;  a  +  top;  a + board;  a  +  field. 

2.  The  Prefix  be. 

What  does  the  prefix  be  mean?     Ans.  It  means  to  maJce, 
Analyze  and  define  bedew.     Ans.  Be+dew=to  mahe  moist,  as 

with  dew. 

Analyze  and  define  beware.     Ans.  Be + ware = to  make  one's  self 

wary  or  watchful. 

EXERCISE. 

Analyze  and  define  befit ;  becalm.     Combine  and  define  be  +  numb ;  be  +  dim. 

3.  The  Prefix  co  or  con. 

Wliat  does  the  prefix  co  or  con  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means  with  or 
together. 

Analyze  and  define  copartner.  Ans.  Co-i-paitner=:a  partner  with 
another. 

Analyze  and  define  conjoin.  Ans.  Con+join=rtoj<?m  one  thing 
with  another — to  join  together. 

EXERCISE. 
Combine  and  define  co+heir ;  co  + worker ;  co+ equal ;  co  + exist. 

4.  The  Prefix  dis. 

What  does  the  prefix  dis  mean  ?    Ans.  It  means  away  or  not 
Analyze  and  define  dislike.     Ans.  T>w,+\\\iQ=not  to  like. 


*  To  be  read  :  "a,  plus  shore,  eqrial  to,  on  the  shore.'' 
1* 


10  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Analyze  dissimilar.  Ans.  Di8  +  similar=ai/?(*2/  ^^^^^  being  simi^ 
lar^  that  is,  not  similar,  that  is,  unVikQ, 

EXERCISE. 

Analyze  and  define  disagree; 'displace;  displease;  disobey;  disbelieve. 
Combine  and  define  dis  +  sever.     [Sever,  to  separate.  ]     Dis  +  arm. 
Combine  dis + ease.    "Disease"  literally  means  what?    Ans.  Away  from 
ease,  that  is,  the  presence  otpain. 

5.  The  Prefix  en  or  em. 

What  does  the  prefix  en  or  em  mean  ?     Ans.  It  means  in  or  on. 
Analyze  and  define  entrap.     Ans.  En + trap = to  catch  in  a  trap. 
Analyze  and  define   embody.     Ans.  Em+body=to  i3lace  in  a 
body,  to  incorporate. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  en  +  chain;  en  +  wrap;  en  +  danger;  en  +  camp. 
Analyze  and  define  enqircle ;  enclose ;  entangle  ;  enshrine. 

The  Prefix  fore. 

What  does  the  prefix  fore  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means  he/ore,  in  regard 
to  time  and  place. 

Analyze  and  define  foretell.  Ans.  Fore+tell=:to  tell  an  event 
hefoi'e  the  time  it  occurs ;  to  prophesy. 

Analyze  and  define  foreground.  Ans.  Fore + ground = the  part 
of  a  picture  which  seems  to  be  before,  or  in  front  of  the  figures. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  fore  +  warn ;  fore  +  taste;  fore  +  see;  fore  +  noon. 
Analyze  and  define  forethought ;  foresight ;  forerunner. 

7.  The  Prefix  in  or  im. 

What  does  the  prefix  in  mean  ?     Ans.  It  means  not. 
Analyze  and  define  insecure.     Ans.  In4-secure=?z(?i5  secure.     In 
tliis  use  of  in,  it  means  the  same  as  un ;  thus  msecure=w?isafe. 
Analyze  and  define  impolite.     Ans.  Im+ polite =7zo^  polite. 

EXERCISE. 

Analyze  and  define  invisible.     [Visible,  that  may  be  seen."] 
'  Considerate '  means  thoughtful  as  to  the  wishes  and  feelings  of  anothei- 
person :  what  would  in  +  considerate  mean  ? 


ENGLISH  PREFIXES.  11 

8.  The  Prefix  mis. 

"What  does  the  prefix  mis  mean?  Ans.  It  means  wrong  or 
wro7igly. 

Analyze  and  define  misconduct.  A71S.  Mis  +  conduct  =  wrong 
conduct. 

Analyze  and  define  misspell.  Ans.  Mis  +  spell  =  to  spell 
wrongly. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  mis  +  judge ;  mis  +  calculate ;  mis  +  guide. 
Analyze  and  define  misplace ;  mistake ;  miscall ;  misapply. 

9.  The  Prefix  pre. 

What  does  the  prefix  pre  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means  before.  It  has 
the  same  signification  as  what  other  prefix  ?     Ans.  The  prefix  fore. 

Analyze  and  define  preordain.  Ans,  Pre  +  ordain  =  to  ordain 
before;  that  is,  to  foreordairL. 

EXERCISE. 

Analyze  and  define  prefix.  Ao^is.  Pre  +  fix,  a  letter  or  syllable  fixed  or 
placed  before  a  root  word.  Combine  and  define  pre + eminent;  pre + judge. 
Analyze  and  define  premature. 

10.  The  Prefix  re. 

What  does  the  prefix  re  mean  ?    Ans.  It  means  again  or  anew. 
Analyze  and  define  renumber.     Ans.  Re  +  number  =  to  number 
again. 

Analyze  and  define  renew.     Ans.  Re  +  new  =  to  make  new  again. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  re + elect ;  re + graft.  Analyze  and  define  reform :  recon- 
quer. 

11.  The  Prefix  super. 

What  does  the  prefix  super  mean  ?     Ans.  It  means  above. 
Analyze  and  define  supernatural.     Ans.  Super -f  natural  =  a^ove 
what  is  natural,  that  is  spiritual. 


12  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  super + human  ;  super  +  structure. 
Analyze  and  define  superfine  ;  superabundant. 

12.  The  Prefix  un. 

What  does  the  prefix  un  mean  ?  Ans,  It  means  not,  or  to  de- 
prive of,  or  to  free  from. 

Analyze  and  define  unsafe.     Ans.  Un+safe  =  not  safe. 

Analyze  and  define  uncrown.  Ans.  Un-i- crown  =  to  deprive  of 
a  crown. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  un+ taught;  un  + sound;  un+ wholesome;  un  +  chain. 
Analyze  and  define  unconmion ;   unknown ;  unintelligible.     [Intelligible, 
that  may  ov  cslh  he  u7iderstood.'\ 

^^.-.-^      REVIEW   OF  ENGLISH   PREFIXES. 


^    1,  A:  on  or  in,  as  ashore,  abed. 
\  2.  Be :  to  ma^e  or  made,  as  befit. 

\  3.  Co  or  Con:  with  or  together,  as  conjoin. 

\4.  Dis:  away  or  7iot,  as  displease,  dissimilar. 

^5.  En  or  Em :  in  or  on,  as  entrap,  embody. 

6.  Fore  :  before,  as  foretell. 

7.  In  or  Im :  not,  as  insecure,  impolite. 

8.  Mis  :  wrong  or  wrongly,  as  misspell. 

9.  Pre :  before,  as  preordain. 

10.  Re :  again,  as  renumber. 

11.  Super:  above,  as  supernatural. 

12.  Un:  7iot  or  to  deprive  of ,  as  imsafe,  uncrown. 


ENGLISH  SUFFIXES.  l? 


m.— ENGLISH  SUFFEXES. 

nULBS  OF  SPELLING   USED  IN  FORMING  DERIVATIVE  WORDS. 

Rule  I. — Final  "e"  followed  by  a  Vowel. 

Final  ^  of  a  primitive  word  is  dropped  on  taking  a  sufiix  begin- 
ning with  a  wwel.     Example — Blame  4- able = blamable ;   guide + 
ance=guidance  ;    come +ing=: coming;    force-hible=forcible ;    ob- 
scure +  ity = obscurity. 

r  Exception  1.— Words  ending  in  ge  or  ce  usually  retain  the  e  be- 
fore a  suffix  beginning  with  a  or  6>,  for  the  reason  that  c  and  g  would 
have  the  hard  sound  if  the  e  were  dropped.  Examples — ^peace -fable 
=peaceable  ;  change -f  able = changeable  ;  courage -fous= courage- 
ous. 

Exception  2. — Words  ending  in  oe  final  retain  the  e  to  preserve 
the  sound  of  the  root;  as  ^OQ-hmg=slioeing ;  \iOQ+mg=lioeing. 
The  e  is  retained  in  a  few  words  to  prevent  their  being  confounded 
with  similar  words,  as  ^mgQ-\-mg=8ingeing,  to  prevent  its  being 
confounded  with  singing,   . 

Rule  II. — Final  "e"  followed  by  a  Consonant. 

•  Final  e  of  a  primitive  word  is  retained  on  taking  a  suffix  begin- 
ning with  a  consonant  Examples — ^Pale-j-ness=paleness  :  large-i- 
ly= largely. 

Exception  1. — ^When  the  final  e  is  preceded  by  a  vowel,  it  is 
sometimes  omitted.  Examples — Due+ly=duly;  true-fly = truly ; 
whole -f-ly= wholly. 

Exception  2. — A  few  words  ending  in  e  drop  the  e  before  a  suf- 
fix beginning  with  a  consonant.  Examples — Judge+ment=judg- 
ment ;  lodge  +  ment — lodgment ;  abridge + ment = abridgment. 


Rule  in. — Final  "y"  preceded  by  a  Consonant. 

Final  y  of  a  primitive  word,  when  preceded  by  a  consonant^  is 
generally  changed  into  i  on  the  addition  of  a  suffix. 

Exception  1. — Before  ing  or  ish^  the  final  y  is  retained  to  prevent 
the  doubling  of  the  i.    Example — pity-f-ing=:pitying. 


14  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Exception  2. — Words  ending  in  ie  and  dropping  the  e  by  rule  1, 
change  the  i  into  y  to  prevent  the  doubling  of  the  i.  Examples — 
Die + ing = dying ;  lie + ing  :=  lying. 

Exception  3. — Final  y  is  sometimes  changed  into  6;  as  duty + 
ous = duteous ;  beauty + ous = beauteous. 

Rule  IV. — Final  "y"  preceded  by  a  Vowel. 

Final  2/  of  a  primitive  word,  when  preceded  by  a  'oowel,  should 
not  be  changed  into  an  i  before  a  suffix.  Example — Joy + less = 
joyless. 

Rule  v.— Doubling, 

Words  of  one  syllable  (monosyllables),  and  words  accented  on 
the  last  syllable,  when  they  end  with  a  single  consonant,  preceded 
by  a  single  vowel,  or  by  a  vowel  after  qu,  double  their  final  letter 
before  an  additional  syllable  that  begins  with  a  vowel.  Examples 
— Rob +ed= robbed;  fop +ish= foppish ;  squat H-er= squatter;  pre- 
fer' +ing=:preferr'ing. 

Exceptions. — X  final,  being  equivalent  to  Ks,  is  never  doubled ; 
and  when  the  derivative  does  not  retain  the  accent  of  the  root,  the 
final  consonant  is  not  always  doubled;  as  prefer' +ence=pref'erence. 

Rule  VI. — No  Doubling. 

A  final  consonant,  when  it  is  not  preceded  by  a  single  Dowel,  or 
when  the  accent  is  not  on  the  last  syllable,  should  remain  single  be- 
fore an  additional  syllable;  as,  toil + ing = toiling ;  cheat4-ed= 
cheated;  murmur -j-ing=murmuring. 


ENGLISH   SUFFIXES.  15 


1. — ^The  Suffix  able  or  ible. 

|^°  The  suflBxes  given  in  Part  I.  are  confined  to  those  actually  used  in 
forming  derivatives  from  English  primitives. 

What  does  the  sufl&x  able  or  ible  mean?  Ans.  It  means,  1.  that 
may  or  can  be  or  is  to  be ;  2.  worthy  of. 

Analyze  and  define  tamable.  Ans.  Tame  +  able  =  that  may  or 
can  be  tamed.  Why  is  the  final  e  dropped?  Aiis.  According  to 
rule  I.     Give  it. 

Analyze  and  define  contemptible.  Ans.  Contempt  +  ible  = 
worthy  of  contempt ;  that  is,  worthy  to  be  despised. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  pay  +  able ;  rely  +  able.  Why  is  the  y  changed  into  i  ?  Ans. 
According  to  rule  III.  Give  it.  Define  '  reliable. '  Ans.  That  'tnay  he  re- 
lied on. 

Combine  and  define  change  +  able.  Why  is  the  final  e  of  change  not 
dropped  ?    Ans.  According  to  exception  1  to  rule  I.     Give  it. 

2. — The   Suffix  age. 

What  does  the  sufiix  age  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means  the  condition  of 
being,  or  an  allowance  for.,  or  a  collection. 

Analyze  and  define  peerage.  Ans.  The  whole  collection  or  body 
of  'peers. 

Analyze  and  define  wharfage.  Ans.  An  allowance^ ioY  permitting 
goods  to  be  landed  or  stored  on  the  wharf. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  bond  +  age ;  post  +  age ;  fruit  +  age ;  store  +  age. 

3. — The  Suffix  al. 

Wliat  does  the  sufilx  al  mean?  Ans.  It  means,  1.  when  com- 
bined with  a  noun,  relating  or  belonging  to ;  2.  combined  with  a 
verb,  the  act  of. 

Analyze  and  define  personal.  Ans.  Person  +  al  =  relating  to  a 
person. 

Analyze  and  define  renewal.  Ans,  Renew  +  aL=  the  act  of  re 
newinff. 


16  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  form  +  aL    Ans.  Formal,  relating  to  the  mere/orm  of  a  thing. 

Unite  the  suffix  al  with  the  verb  'peruse,'  meaning  to  read  with  care,  and 
what  noun  have  you  ?  Define  it.  Why  do  you  drop  the  e  in  peruse  ?  Com- 
bine and  define  remove  +  al ;  refuse  +  al. 

4. — The  Suffix  ar  or  ard. 

What  does  the  suffix  ar  or  ard  mean  ?     Ans.  It  means  one  who. 

Analyze  and  define  liar.  Ans.  Lie  +  ar  =  one  who  lies.  Why  do 
you  di'op  the  final  ^  in  lie  ? 

Analyze  and  define  drunkard,  Ans.  Drunk  -f  ard  =  one  who  gets 
di'unk,  a  habitual  drinker  of  strong  liquors. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  beg  +  ar.     Why  do  you  double  the  g  in  beg  ? 
Combine  cow  +  ard.     Ans.  Coward,  one  who  cows  or  shrinks  before  danger 
or  an  enemy. 

5. — The  Suffix  an  or  ian. 

What  does  the  suffix  an  or  ian  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means  one  who, 
when  it  forms  a  noun,  and  belonging  to,  when  it  forms  an  adjective. 

Analyze  and  define  the  noun  Christian.  Ans.  Chiist  +  ian  =  one 
who  follows  the  religion  of  Christ. 

Analyze  and  define  the  adjective  republican.  Ans.  Republic  + 
an  =  belonging  or  relating  to  a  republic. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  library  +  an.  Why  is  the  final  y  changed  to  i  ?  What  part  of 
speech  is  'librarian'?  What  does  'librarian'  mean?  Analyze  and  define 
historian.     Combine  and  define  Mahomet  -*-  an ;  rhetoric  +  ian. 

6. — The  Suffix  ary. 

What  does  the  suffix  ary  mean?  Ans.  It  means,  1.  in  nouns,  one 
who  or  that  which  ;  2.  in  adjectives,  relating  to. 

Analyze  and  define  missionary.  Ans.  Mission  +  ary  =  one  who 
does  the  work  of  a  religious  mission. 

Analyze  and  define  planetary.  Ans.  Planet  +  ary  =  relating  to 
tlie  planets. 


ENGLISH   SUFFIXES.  17 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  adverse,  meaning  opposed  to,  and  the  snffix  axy,  and  what  noun 
wUl  you  have  ?    Define  *  adversary. '     Why  do  you  drop  the  final  e  ? 
Analyze  and  define  boundary ;  tributar  v] 

7. — The  Suffix  dom. 

What  does  the  suffix  dom  mean  ?  Atis.  It  means  condition  or 
'possession. 

Analyze  and  define  wisdom.  Ans.  wis  (old  English  for  wise)  4- 
dom  —  the  condition  of  being  wise. 

Analyze  and  define  dukedom.  Ans.  The  possession  or  the  estate 
of  a  duTce. 

EXERCISE. 
Combine  and  define  king  +  dom ;  martyr  +  dom ;  free  +  dom 


8. — The  Suffix  en. 

What  does  the  suffix  en  mean?  Ans.  It  means,  1.  in  verbs,  to 
make  ;  2.  in  adjectives,  made. 

Analyze  and  define  blacken.     Ans.  Black  +  en  =  ^0  make  black. 
Analyze  and  define  wooden.    Ans.  Wood  4-  en  =  made  of  wood. 

EXERCISR 

Combine  and  define  short  +  en  ;  length  +  en  ;  glad  +  en  ;  deep  +  en. 
Analyze  and  define  brazen.    Atis.  Brass + en  =  made  of  brass. 

9. — ^The  Suffix  er,  in  Nouns. 

What  does  the  suffix  er  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means  one  wJio,  or  that 
wMch. — Note.  The  suffixes  eer,  as  in  auctioneer,  and  ee,  as  in 
payee,  are  different  forms  of  the  suffix  er. 

Analyze  and  define  teacher.     Ans.  Teach +er  —  one  who  teaches. 

Analyze  and  define  dipper.  Ans.  Dip+er  =  that  which  dips  up 
water.     Why  do  you  double  the  final  p  of  dip  ? 

EXERCISR 

Combine  and  define  curry +er.    Why  do  you  change  the  final  y? 
Combine  and  define  buy +er.     Why  do  you  not  change  the  final  y  .^ 
Combine  and  define  love  +  er.     Why  do  you  drop  the  final  e? 
Combine  and  define  rob+er.     Why  do  you  double  the  final  b  ? 
Analyze  and  define  reader.     Am.   One  xoho  reads ;  that  in  which  we  read. 


18  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

10. — The  Suffix  er,  in  Adjectives. 

What  does  the  suffix  er  mean  when  affixed  to  an  adjective? 
Ans.  It  means  more.  What  degree  of  comparison  is  it  said  to  form  ? 
Ans.  The  comparative  degree. 

Analyze  and  define  greater.  Ans.  More  great, — literally,  ere  or 
before  another  in  regard  to  greatness. 

Analyze  and  define  rather.  Ans.  There  was  an  old  English  word 
rathe^  meaning  soon  or  early,  thus  Milton  speaks  of  the  "  rathe  prim- 
rose," meaning  the  early  primrose.  '  Rather '  is  the  comparative  de- 
gree of  rathe:  hence  'rather'  means  sooner  or  earlier.  "I  would 
rather  do  "  so  and  so  means  the  same  as  I  would  sooner  do  so  and  so. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  gentle +er.  Why  do  yon  drop  the  finale.^  Analyze 
and  define  sounder.     Combine  and  define  pleasant +  er  ;  profound +er. 

11. — The  Suffix  ery. 

What  does  the  suffix  ery  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means — 1.  The  place 
where  ;  2.  state  of  being. 

Analyze  and  define  bakery.  Ans.  Bake+ery  =  a  place  where 
baking  is  carried  on. 

Analyze  and  define  knavery.  Ans.  Knave -1- ery  =  state  of  leing 
a  knave. 

EXERCISE. 
Combine  and  define  brew  +  ery ;  fish + ery.    Analyze  and  define  slavery. 

12. — The  Suffix  ful. 

What  does  the  sufl[ix  fill  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means /wZ?  of,  marTceu 
by,  or  of  the  nature  of.  From  what  word  is  it  abbreviated  ?  Ans. 
From  the  word/^Z?. 

Analyze  and  define  merciful.     Ans.  Mercy -h ful  =  full  of  mercy. 

Analyze  and  define  joyful.     A^is.  Joy  +  ful  =  of  a  joyous  nature. 

Analyze  and  define  fearful.    A7is.  Fear -H  ful  =  marled  by  fear. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  plenty + ful.    Why  do  you  change  y  into  i  ? 
Combine  and  define  hope  +  ful.     Why  do  you  not  drop  the  final  e  ? 
Analyze  careful.    Atis.  Care + ful.    Does  this  mean  full  of  care  ?    Ans.  No; 
It  means  marked  or  characterized  by  care. 


ENGLISH  SUFFIXES.  19 

13.  The  Suffix  £y  or  ify. 

What  does  the  sufl^  £y  or  ify  mean  ?    Ans.     To  make. 
Analyze  and  define  beautiiy.    Ans,  Beauty +  fy  =  to  make  beau- 
tiful. 

EXERCISE. 
Combine  and  define  just + iff.    Analyze  an^  define  purify. 

14.  The  Suffix  hood. 

What  does  the  suffix  hood  mean  ?     Ans.  It  means  condition  of. 
Analyze  and  define  widowhood.     Ans.  Widow+hood  =  the  state 
or  condition  of  a  widow. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  sister  +  hood;  brother  +  hood ;  priest  +  hood;  man  +  hood; 
woman  +  hood. 

15.  The  Suffix  ion. 

What  does  the  suffix  ion  mean  ?     Ans.  The  act  or  state  of. 
Analyze  and  define  navigation.     Ans.  Navigate + ion = the  act  of 
navigating  or  sailing. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  imitate  (to  copy)  +  ion;  oppress  (to  crush  by  a  heavy 
burden)  +  ion. 
Analyze  and  define  creation ;  elevation ;  corruption ;  animation. 

16.  The  Suffix  ish. 

What  does  the  sufl&x  ish  mean  ?     Ans.  It  means  like  or  somewhat, 
or  'belonging  to. 

Analyze  and  define  boyish.    Ans.  Boy+ish=like  a  boy. 
Analyze  and  define  whitish.    Ans.  'Wh\iQ+i^\\=somewhat  white. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  clown + ish  ;  sweet  +  ish. 

Combine  Engle  (meaning  the  race  of  the  Angles  who  went  to  Britain  from 
Germany  in  the  5th  century),  and  ish,  and  what  word  will  you  have  ? 

17.  The  Suffix  ive. 

What  does  the  suflSx  ive  mean  ?     Ans.  It  means  having  the  power 
or  quality. 


20  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Analyze  and  define  preventive.  Ans.  Prevent -i-ive= having  the 
quality  of  preventing. 

Analyze  and  define  creative.  Ans.  Create +  ive= having  the 
power  of  creating. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  act  +  ive ;  impress  +'  ive ;  instruct  +  ive ;  attract + ive. 

18.  The  Suffix  ize. 

What  does  the  suffix  ize  mean  ?     Ans.  It  means  to  make. 
Analyze  and  define  legalize.     Ans.  Legal -h  ize = to  make  legal  or 
according  to  law. 

EXERCISE. 
Combine  and  define  equal  +  ize;  tranquil  (calm)  +  ize;  brutal  +  ize;  civil  +  ize. 

19.  The  Suffix  kin. 

What  does  the  sufifix  kin  mean  ?     Ans.  It  means  little  or  diminu- 
tive. 
Analyze  and  define  lambkin.    Ans.  Lamb +  kin=a  little  lamb. 

EXERCISE. 

Find  in  the  dictionary  the  meaning  of  manikin,  and  show  how  the  word 
man  and  the  sufBjx  kin  are  in  the  word. 

20.  The  Suffix  less. 

Wliat  does  the  suffix  less  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means  witJiout  or  freed 
from. 

Analyze  fearless.    Ans.  Year -[-less= without  fear. 

Analyze  and  define  moneyless.  Ans.  Money +  less= without 
money  or  deprived  of  money. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  mercy  +  less.     Why  do  you  change  the  y  into  i.^ 
Combine  and  define  pity  +  less.     Why  do  you  change  the  y  into  i  ? 
Analyze  and  define  godless ;  cheerless  ;  penniless ;  thoughtless. 

21.  The  Suffix  let  and  ling. 

What  do  the  suffixes  let  and  ling  mean  ?  Ans.  They  mean  little 
or  diminutive — the  same  as  kin. 


ENGLISH  SUFFIXES  21 

Analyze  and  define  plantlet.    Ans.  Plant  +  let = a  small  plant. 
Analyze  and  define  kingling.     Aiis.  King +  lmg= a,  petty  king, 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  lord  +  ling.    Analyze  and  define  duckling. 

22.  The  Suffix  ly. 

What  does  the  snfRx  ly  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means  li^e.  From  what 
does  the  suflfix  ly  come  ?  Ans.  It  comes  from  lie,  the  old  English 
word  for  like.  Illustrate  this.  Ans.  '  Godly '  was  formerly  writ- 
ten '  godlic,^  that  is,  good-liJce. 

What  part  of  speech  is  formed  by  the  addition  of  the  suffix  ly  ? 
Ans.  Adverbs.  Is  this  always  the  case?  Ans.  It  is  always  the  case 
when  added  to  adjectives  ;  but  when  added  to  nouns,  ly  forms  ad- 
jectives. Give  an  example.  Ans.  Add  the  suflix  ly  to  the  noun 
*love,'  and  we  have  the  adjective  'lovely.' 

Analyze  and  define  softly.     Ans.  SoftH-ly=soft-Zi^^. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  brave +  I7.     What  part  of  speech  is  it  ? 
Combine  and  define  mother  +  ly.    What  part  of  speech  is  it  ? 
Analyze  and  define  only.    Ans.  One +  ly= one-like,  that  is,  considered  as 
one,  and  no  more. 

23.  The  Suffix  ment. 

What  does  the  suffix  ment  mean  ?  Aiis.  It  means  the  state  of  he- 
ing,  the  act  of  or  the  thing  which. 

Analyze  and  define  banishment.  Ans.  Banish -f- ment = the  state 
of  being  banislied. 

Analyze  and  define  accompaniment.  Ans.  Accompany  +  ment r= 
that  which  accompanies.     Why  is  the  y  changed  ? 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  punish  +  ment ;  chastise  +  ment. 

Analyze  abasement.  Ans.  Abase  +  ment = the  state  of  being  abased  or 
brought  low  down. 

24.  The  Suffix  ness. 

What  does  the  suffix  ness  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means  the  state  or  qual- 
ity of. 


22  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Analyze  and  define  littleness.  Ans.  Little +ness= the  state  of  be- 
ing little. 

Analyze  and  define  fineness.  Ans.  Fine+nQSs=the  quality  of  he- 
mg  fine. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  firm  +  ness ;  petty +  ness.     Why  do  you  change  the  y  ? 
Analyze  and  define  suppleness  ;  fierceness  ;  correctness ;  powerlessuess. 
Combine  and  define  sly  \-  ness.     Do  you  change  the  y  into  i  ? 

25.  The  Suffix  ous. 

Wliat  does  the  sufl^x  ous  mean?  Ans.  It  means  Jiamng  the 
quality,  or  full  of 

Analyze  and  define  humorous.  Ans,  Humor  +  ous = having  the 
quality  of  humor. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  courage  +  ous.     Why  do  you  not  drop  the  e? 
Analyze  and  define  murderous ;  mischievous.    Combine  plenty  +  ous. 

26.  The  Suffix  ship. 

AVhat  does  the  suflSx  ship  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means  the  condition 
of  being,  or  the  place  or  office  of.  Has  it  anything  to  do  with  the 
word  "  ship  ?  "     Ans.  No,  it  is  related  to  shape. 

Analyze  and  define  friendship.  Ans.  Friend + ship = the  condition 
of  being  a  friend. 

Analyze  and  define  clerkship.  Ans.  Clerk  +  ship = the  office  of  a 
clerk. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  apprentice  +  ship  ;  soldier  +  ship ;  scholar  +  ship. 

27.  The  Suffix  y. 

What  does  the  suffix  y  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means  abounding  in,  par- 
eaking  of,  ov  having  the  quality  of 

Analyze  and  define  flowery.  Ans,  Flower +  y=abounding  in 
flowers. 

Analyze  and  define  chalky.  Ans,  Chalk +  y=:pajtaking  of  the 
nature  of  chalk. 

EXERCISE. 

Combine  and  define  dew  +  y;  water +  y;  rose  +  y.  Why  do  you  drop  the  e /* 
Analyze  and  define  hearty ;  healthy ;  roomy  ;  knotty  ;  gloomy. 


EEVIEW  OF  ENGLISH  SUFFIXES. 


REVIEW  OF  ENGLISH  SUFFIXES. 

1.  Able  or  ible:  that  may  or  can  de,  or  worthy  to  he,  as  tamable^ 

contemptible. 

2.  Age:  the  condition  of  being,   or  an  allowance  for,  as  peerage, 

wharfage. 

3.  Al:  1.  relating  or  belonging  to;    2.  the  act  of,  as  personal,  re- 

newal. 

4.  Ar  or  ard :  one  who,  as  liar,  drunkard. 

5.  An  or  ian :    1.  one  who  ;  2.  belonging  to,  as  historian,  christian. 

6.  Ary:  1.  one  who,  or  that  which;  2.  relating  to,  as  missionary, 

planetary. 

7.  Dom :  the  condition  of  being,  or  the  possession  Df ,  as  freedom, 

dukedom. 

8.  En:  1.  to  make ;  2.  made,  as  blacken,  wooden. 

9.  Er:  1.  one  who  or  that  which  ;  as  preacher,  dipper. 

10.  Er:  more,  as  greater. 

11.  Ery:  1.  place  where  ;  2.  s^a^  (/ &^^;^^,  as  bakery,  knavery. 

12.  Ful:  full  of   marked  by,  or  of  the  nature  of,  as  merciful, 

fearful. 

1 3.  Fy  or  Ify :  to  make,  as  purify,  beautify. 

14.  Hood:  condition  of,  as  widowhood. 

15.  Ion:  act  or  state  of,  as  navigation,  education. 

16.  Ish:  like,  somewhat,  or  belonging  to,  as  boyish,  whitish. 

17.  Ive:  having  the  power  or  Quality  of,  as  preventive,  creative. 

18.  Ize:  to  make,  as  legalize. 

19.  Kin:  Zi^^?^,  as  lambkin. 

20.  Less:  without,  or  freed  from,  as  fearless. 

21.  Let  or  ling :  little,  as  plantlet,  kingling. 

22.  Ly :  like,  as  softly,  lovely. 

23.  Ment :  state  of  being,  act  of  or  that  which,  as  banishment,  ac- 

companiment. ^ 

24.  Ness  :  state  or  quality  of  being,  as  littleness. 

25.  Ous :  having  the  quality,  as  humorous. 

26.  Ship :  condition  of  being,  or  office  of,  as  friendship,  clerkship. 

27.  Y :  abounding  in^  or  partaking  of,  as  flowery,  chalky. 
A 


24  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

CLASSIFICATIOlSr  OF  SUFFIXES. 
1.  One  Who. 

These  Suffixes  form  Nouns. 

An  or  ian European;  arithmeticiano 

Ar , Liar. 

*  Ard Coward. 

Ee Payee. 

Eer Auctioneer. 

Er. .  ^ Robber. 

1st .  Novelist. 

Or « Actor. 

2.  Being  or  State  of  Being.  * 

These  Suffixes  form  Nouns. 

Age Peerage. 

Dom Freedom. 

Ion Corruption. 

Ity  or  ty Personality,  novelty. 

Ment  ./ Abasement. 

Ness Remoteness. 

Ship Friendship. 

3.  Relating  to,  or  having  the  quality  of. 

These  Suffixes  form  Adjectives. 

Al .Parental. 

An  or  ian Republican  j  Parisian. 

Ary Planetary. 

Pul HealthM. 

Ive ; Preventive. 

Ly Manly. 

Ous Humorous. 

y Flowery. 

4.  To  Make. 

These  Suffixes  form  Verbs. 

En Loosen. 

Fy  or  ify Justify. 

Ize Fertilize  j  legalize. 


EXERCISES    IN    WORD -FORMATION. 

5.  Little,  diminutive. 

These  Suffixes  form  Nouns. 


Ole  or  cule Animalcule 

Let Plantlet. 


Kin Lambkin. 

Ling Duckling. 


6.  Miscellaneous. 

Able  or  ible,  that  may  or  can,  as  justifiable. 
Bry,  place  where,  as  bakery. 
Ish,  lihe  or  somewhat,  as  boyish,  whitish. 
Less,  without,  as  artless. 

IV.— EXERCISES  IN  WORD-FORMATION. 

EXERCISE  I. 

The  suffixes  or,  cr,  and  ist^  mean  one  who.     They  form  nouns. 

Which  of  these  suffixes  would  you  add  to  govern  to  make  a  noun  ?  Define 
the  derivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  learn  to  make  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriv- 
ative. 

Which  suf&x  would  you  add  to  art  to  make  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  profess  to  make  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  method  to  make  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  Jlute  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  believe  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  th*e  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  act  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  respect  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  moral  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  imitateio  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  humor  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the  4eriva- 
tive. 

EXERCISE  II. 

The  suffixes  ows,  ive,  y,  and  fi^L  mean  having  the  quality  of.  They  form 
adjectives. 

2 


26  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Which  of  the  four  suffixes  would  you  add  to  prosper^  in  order  to  form  an 
adjective  ?    Define  the  derivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  success  to  form  an  adjective  ?  Define  the 
derivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  vigor  to  form  an  adjective  ?  Define  the 
derivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  contemplate  to  form  an  adjective  ?  Define 
the  derivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  noise  to  form  an  adjective  ?  Define  the  de- 
rivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  clamor  to  form  an  adjective  ?  Define  the 
derivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  thought  to  form  an  adjective  ?  Define  the 
derivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  reflect  to  form  an  adjective  ?  Define  the 
derivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  desire  to  form  an  adjective  ?  Define  the 
derivative. 

Which  two  suffixes  would  you  add  to  beauty^  forming  two  adjectives  that 
are  synonyms  ?  Ans.  Ful  and  ous.  Analyze  beautiful.  Why  is  the  y 
changed  into  i  ?    Analyze  beauteous.     Why  is  the  y  changed  into  e  ? 


EXERCISE  III. 

The  suffix  ity  and  the  suffix  ness.^  when  added  to  adjectives,  form  nouns., 
meaning  the  state  or  quality  expressed  by  the  adjective.  Some  adjectives 
take  the  suffix  ity  ;  others  take  the  suffix  ness. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  the  adjective  suave  to  make  a  ncan?  De- 
fine the  derivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  agile  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  supple  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  severe  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  cross  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  sufi&x  would  you  add  to  resjyectable  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the 
derivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  persuasive  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the 
derivative. 

Form  two  nouns  from  amiable.,  each  meaning  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
amiable. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  acid  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  sour  to  form  a  noun  ?  Define  the  deriva- 
tive. 


EXERCISES    IN    WORD -FORMATION.  27 

EXERCISE  IV 

The  suffixes  en^  fy  or  ify^  and  ize^  mean  to  make.  These  suffixes  form 
verbs. 

Which  of  these  suffixes  would  you  add  to  sweet  to  form  a  verb  meaning  to 
make  sweet  ? 

Which  of  these  suffiLxes  would  you  add  to  vei'se  to  form  a  verb  meaning  to 
make  verses  ? 

Which  of  these  suffixes  would  you  add  to  poet  to  form  a  verb  meaning  to 
make  poetry  ? 

Which  of  these  suffixes  would  you  add  to  sati7X  to  form  a  verb  meaning  to 
make  a  person  the  subject  of  satire  ? 

Which  of  these  suffixes  would  you  add  to  loose  to  form  a  verb  meaning  to 
make  loose  ? 

Which  of  these  suffixes  would  you  add  to  type  to  form  a  verb  meaning  to 
make  one  thing  the  type  or  emblem  of  another  ? 

Which  of  these  suffixes  would  you  add  to  civil  to  form  a  verb  meaning  to 
make  a  savage  people  civil  ? 

Which  of  these  suffixes  would  you  add  to  sign  to  make  a  verb  meaning  to 
make  a  thing  known  by  signs  ? 

Which  of  these  suffixes  would  you  add  to  red  to  make  a  verb  meaning  to 
make  red  ? 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  just  to  form  a  verb  meaning  to  make  just  ? 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  real  to  form  a  verb  meaning  to  make  real,  to 
•  make  a  thing  a  7'eality  in  one's  mind  ? 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  quick  (meaning  alive)  to  form  a  verb  mean- 
ing to  make  alive  ? 

EXERCISE  V. 

The  suffixes  kin^  ling^  let^  and  ule  signify  diminution. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  lamb  to  form  a  diminutive  ?  Define  the 
derivative. 

Which  suffiLX  would  you  add  to  dicck  to  form  a  diminutive  ?  Define  the 
derivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  /jZa;i^  to  form  a  diminutive  ?  Define  the 
derivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  globe  to  form  a  diminutive  ?  Define  the 
derivative. 

Which  suffix  would  you  add  to  lord  to  form  a  diminutive?  Define  the 
derivative. 

EXERCISE  VI. 

Polite  is  a  synonym  of  civil :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  civil  to  make  a 
synonym,  of  polite7iess?    Is,  it  ity  ox  ness  ? 

Glory  is  a  synonym  oifame  :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  fame  to  make 
a  synonym  af  glorious  ? 

Nimble  is  a  synonym  of  agile  :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  agile  to  make 
a  synonym  ot  nimbleness  ? 


28  WORD  ANALYSIS. 

Fog  is  a  s3raonym  of  haze  :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  fog  to  make  a 
Bynonym  of  hazy  ? 

Jolly  is  a  synonym  of  merry  :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  jolly  to  make 
a  synonym  of  merriment  ? 

Bury  is  a  synonym  of  inter :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  bu7'y  to  make 
a  synonym  of  interment.^    Is  it  al  or  7ne7it ^ 

Tranquil  is  a  synonym  of  calm :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  tranquil  to 
make  a  synonym  of  calmness  ?    Why  do  you  double  the  I  in  tranquillity  ? 

Might  is  a  synonym  of  power :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  might  to  make 
a  synonj'^m  of  powerful  ?    Is  it  ful  or  ?/  '^ 

Damp  is  a  synonym  of  moist  :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  damp  to  make 
a  synonym  of  moiste^i  ? 

EXERCISE  VII. 

Black  is  the  opposite  of  white :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  black  to  ex- 
press the  opposite  of  whiten  ? 

Bond  is  the  opposite  of /ree ;  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  ho7id  to  express 
the  opposite  of  freedom,  ?    Is  it  dom  or  age  ? 

Love  is  the  opposite  of  hate  :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  love  to  express 
the  opposite  of  hater  ? 

Quick  is  the  opposite  of  slo7V  :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  quick  to  ex- 
press the  opposite  of  slowly  ? 

Bid  is  the  opposite  of  7iovel :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  old  to  express 
the  opposite  of  novelty  l^ 

Acqicit  is  the  opposite  of  condemn  :  what  suffix  would  you  add  to  condemn 
to  express  the  opposite  of  acquittal  ?     Is  it  al  or  ation  / 

v.— ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES. 

TEACH,  t^.,  to  instruct. 

1.  Teachable:    Analysis:     teach  +  able = that    may    he   taught. 

Definition  :  that  has  a  spirit  willing  to  be  taught. 

2.  Teachableness:    teach  +  able +  ness= the  state  of  being  (ness) 

willing  to  be  taught. 

3.  Teacher:  teach +  er=:c>?i^  who  teaches.     Definition:  a  school- 

master or  schoolmistress. 

4.  Teaching,  noun :  the  act  or  business  of  instructing ;  instruction. 

5.  Untaught:    'Un  +  tsLught=not  taught.     Definition:    ignorant. 

'  Taught '  is  the  past  participle  of  the  irregular  verb  teach. 

EXERCISE. 

[The  figu7'es  7'efer  to  co7'responding  n7imbe7's  in  the  analysis  above.] 
(1.  ^  Give  a  synonym  of  the  word  teachable.     A7is.   '  Docile. '     Would  you  say 

of  a  dog  that  it  was  teachable  or  docile — which  ?    Combine  and  define 

un  +  teachable. 
(3.)  Give  two  synonyms  of  ' teacher. '     A71S.   'Instructor;'   'educator.* 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES.  29 

(4.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  teaching  as  a  noun.  Model — 
"Nearly  all  the  able  men  in  the  United  States  were,  in  their  younger 
days,  engaged  in  the  profession  of  teaching.''^ 

Obs. — Observe  the  distinction  between  teach  and  learn.  To  teach  is  to  im-- 
part  instruction ;  to  learn  is  to  receive  instruction.  Would  it  be  cor- 
rect to  say,  ''Mr.  Dupont  learnt  me  French  "  ?  State  the  correct  form. 

SCHOOL,  n.,  a  place  for  the  education  of  youth. 

1.  Scholar:  School 4- ar=:o;i6  who  goes  to  school.     In  forming  thig 

word,  one  of  the  o's  is  dropped.  What  other  meaning  has 
scholar  f  Ans.  It  means,  not  a  child  who  is  going  to  school, 
but  a  pei-son  who  has  been  through  the  schools, — hence,  a 
"learned  man.'' 

2.  Scholarly:    Scholar +  ly=: in    a    scholar-?^^5    manner.      Wliat 

part  of  speech  is  '  scholarly '  ?  A718.  An  adjective.  Why  ? 
Because  ly  is  added  to  a  noun.     (See  the  suffix  ly,  page  21.) 

3.  Scholarship:  Scholars- ship = the  state  or  condition  of  being 

a  scholar.     Definition  :  learning,  attainments  in  literature. 

4.  Unschooled:   Un  +  school +  ed= not  schooled  or  taught;  illit- 

erate. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Give  a  synonym  of  *  scholar '  in  its  first  meaning.     Ans.  A  pupil. 

Write  sentences  containing  the  word  '  scholar '  in  both  its  meanings. 
Model— "James  Watt  is  said  to  have  been  a  poor  scholar,  yet  his 
genius  invented  the  steam  engine."  "Gibbon,  one  of  the  greatest 
scholars  of  the  18th  century,  wrote  the  '  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman 
Empire.'" 

What  is  the  opposite  of  '  scholar '  in  the  sense  of  learned  man  ?    Ans. 
An  unlearned  man,  an  ignoramus,  a  dunce. 
(2. )  What  is  the  opposite  of  '  scholarly '  ?    An^.  Untaught,  unlearned 
(3.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  words  scholarship  and  education. 


I- 


HIjALTH,  ??.,  sound  state  of  the  body. 


From  what  root- word  does  '  health '  come  ?  Ans.  It  comes  from 
heal.  With  what  words  is  heal  connected  ?  Ans.  With  the 
word  hale,  and  also  with  whole,  that  is,  sound.  Can  you  give 
a  quotation  from  the  Bible  to  show  this?  Ans.  "They  that 
are  whole  need  not  the  physician,  but  they  that  are  sich'''' 

2.  Healthy:  hesilth+y^^pai'tahing  oi  health. 

3.  Healthful:  health +  ful= of  a  healthy  7ifl^^?^r^. 

4.  Healthfully:  health-f  ful-f-ly= in  a  healthful  mn^;i?j^r. 


aO  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

5.  Hbalthfulness  :  health -hftil-hness= the  co7l^^^^o?^  of  health. 

6.  Healthiness  :  the  condition  of  being  healthy. 

7.  Unhealthy:  un-i- health 4-y=/i^niealthy. 

EXERCISE. 

(2. )  Is  there  any  distinction  between  healthy  and  healthful  ?  Ans.  There  is  i 
no  distinction  in  meaning :  we  can  say  a  healthy  body  or  climate  or  ' 
diet,  and  a  healthful  body  or  cUmate  or  diet.  ^ 

(3. )  Mention  three  synonyms  of  healthy  and  healthful.  Aiis.  '  Wholesome, ' 
'  salubrious, '  '  salutary. ' 

Can  you  give  the  difference  in  the  uses  of  these  words?  An%. 
Wholesome  is  particularly  applied  to  food,  as  a  '''■wholesome  diet." 
Salubrious  is  stronger  than  wholesome  ;  it  means  not  only  what  keeps 
us  in  health  (wholesome),  but  what  improves  our  health;  as  a  ^'■salu- 
6?'iows  air."  Salutary  is  whB,t  serves  to  remove  a  disorder;  thus  we 
speak  of  "salutary  remedies." 
Supply  the  proper  word  in  each  of  the  following  sentences  :  "You 

are  relaxing  yourself  with  the exercise  of  the  field."      "The 

simplest  diet  is  reckoned  the  most ."     "The  air  of  Southern 

France  has  been  long  famed  for  its ."     "  Washington's  punish- 
ment of  the  British  at  Trenton  taught  them  a lesson. ' ' 

(5  &  6. )  If  there  is  no  difference  between  healthy  and  healthful^  can  there  be 
any  between  healthiness  and  healthfulness .^  Aris.  No.  Why  not? 
Ans.  Because  the  suffix  is  the  same  in  each. 

{7.)  WhB,tis  the  7iegative  oi  healthy  s^  A7is.  UnheaXthy.  What  is  the  7i<?5ra- 
tive  of  wholesome  i  Ans.  t^?iwholesome.  What  is  the  negative  of 
salubrious  '^    Ans.    Z?isalubrious. 

PAY  (past  part.,  paid),  v.,  to  defray  a  debt. 

1.  Payable:  pay -f- able = that  is  to  be  paid. 

2.  Payer:  -psLj+er—one  who -pajs. 

3.  Payee:  pay+ee=one  to  whom  something  is  to  be  paid. 

4.  Payment:  pay+ment=:the  act  of  paying. 

5.  Prepay;  -pre+psij =to  iptiy  heforeJiand. 

6.  Repay:  re4-pay=:to  pay  (X^<^m. 

7.  Unpaid:  un + paid  =:7z<?^  paid. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Ispaij  any  other  part  of  speech  than  a  verb?    Ans.  It  is  also  a  noun. 

Give  three  synonyms  of  2^^y  as  a  noun.     Ans.   'Salary,'  'wages,'  and 

'stipend.' 
(3.)  Give  a  synonym  of  'payment.'      Ans.  Defrayment.      How  could  you 

express  in  other  language  the  sentence  "John  made  payment  of  his 

debt?"     Ans.   "John  liquidated  his  debt." 
(4. )  Combine  prepay  +  ment,  and  what  word  have  you  ?    Define  it 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES.  31 

(5.)  Combine  repay +  ment,  and  what  word  have  you?  Define  it.  Is  there  a 
figurative  us 2  of  repay i  Arts.  There  is:  we  speak  of  "repaying  a 
kindness. "  What  synonym  of  repay  is  there  in  the  sense  of  giving 
hdi^ok  money  ?    Ans.  To 'reimburse.' 

BOUND  :  to  limit,  or  a  limit. 

1.  Bounds  :  the  plural  of  the  ?iou?i  bound. 

2.  Bounded:  bound +  ed=limite<^  or  confined. 

8.  BounDx\ry:  bound +  ary==^^<5^^  which  limits  or  bounds. 

4.  Boundless:  hound +  le8s= without  bounds,  limitless. 

5.  Unbounded  :  un  +  bound  +  ed=:not  bounded,  unlimited. 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  Give  two  synonyms  of  bounds  as  a  noun.     Ans.  Limits ;  confines. 

(3. )  Spell  the  plural  of  boundary.  Give  the  rule  for  changing  y  into  i.  Com- 
pose a  sentence  containing  the  word  'boundary.'  Model — "The 
boundary  between  Maine  and  the  British  Possessions  was  arranged  by 
Daniel  Webster  and  Lord  Ashburton  in  1842." 

(4. )  How  do  you  show  that  boundless  and  limitless  are  synonyms  ?  Ans. 
The  sufiix  is  the  same  and  bounds  limit.  Give  two  corresponding  ex- 
pressions for  boundless  in  the  sentence,  "Alexander's  ambition  was 
boundless."  Ans.  "  Alexander's  ambition  knew  no  bounds  ;  "  "  there 
were  no  limits  to  Alexander's  ambition." 
Combine  and  define  boundless  +  ness. 

HELP,  aid,  ti.,  or  to  aid,  1?. 

1.  Helper:  help-fer=(??^^  Wio  helps;  an  assistant. 

2.  Helping:  help  +  ing=aid^7i^  or  assistm^. 

3.  Helpful:  \\Q\.]i-^l\A=dbou7iding  in  help;  of  a  kind  that  aids 

or  assists. 

4.  Helpless:  \vA^ ^\<^8— without  help. 

5.  Helplessness:    help  +  less  +  ness =5^a^^  of  being  (ness)  without 

(less)  help. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Give  two  synonyms  of  'helper.'     Ans.  An  assistant^  an  aid. 

(2.)  Give  a  synonym  of  the  adjective  'helping.'  Ayis.  Auxiliary.  An  " aux- 
iliary verb  "  might  be  called  a what  kind  of  verb  ?  "  Lend  a  help- 
ing or  an  auxiliary  hand  " — which  ? 

(3. )  That  which  does  the  opposite  of  '  helping '  is  said  to  do  what  ?-  Ans.  To 
hinder,  to  obstruct. 

(4.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'helpless.'  Model— "When 
Burgoyne  was  surrounded  at  Saratoga,  his  army  was  Jielpless,  and  he 
v.  had  to  surrender. " 


32  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

(5.)  Give  a  synonym  of  'helplessness.'  Ans.  Inability.  Give  two  words 
■mesaaiag  the  contrary  oi  "helplessness."     Ans.  Strength^ power. 

PURE,  adj.,  clean,  free  from  mixture. 

1.  Pure:   Pure  has  two  meanings:  1,  the  literal  meaning,  which 

is,  clean  or  free  from  mixture,  as  '•^  pure  water;  "  2,  the  figur- 
ative vciQfimng,  which  is,  free  from  moral  defilement,  as  a  '•'•pure 
motive."  Many  of  its  derivatives  have  the  same  two-fold 
signification. 

2.  P11REL.Y:  pure -fly  =^pure-?^^^,  in  a  pure  manner. 

3.  PuRENESS :  pure -f-ness= the  state  of  being  pure. 

4.  Purity  :  pure +ity= the  quality  of  being  pure.     Why  is  the  final 

e  dropped  ? 

5.  Purify  :  Pure -I- ify =to  malce  pure.    What  does  the  sufl[ix  fy  or  ify 

mean  ?     Ans.  To  Tuake. 

6.  Impure:  im-f piire=:ni?^  pure,  corrupt. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  *  Pure 'has  two  meanings.  What  are  they?  Write  sentences  contain- 
ing the  word  in  each  sense. 

(3&4.)  What  is  the  distinction  between  'pureness'  and  'purity'?  A71S. 
There  is  none ;  we  speak  of  pureness  or  purity  of  water,  life,  style, 
etc.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'pureness.'  Model — 
*'  The  pureness  of  the  atmosphere  on  the  top  of  high  mountains  has 
often  been  remarked  "  Explain  what  is  meant  by  purity  in  the  sen- 
tence, "  Addison's  writings  are  distinguished  for  the  purity  of  their 
style."    Give  the  opposite  of  'purity.'      Ans.  Impurity^  foulness. 

\5.)  Name  a  noun  formed  from  'purify.'    Ans.  Purification. 

(6.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'impure'  in  its  literal,  and 
another  in  its  figurative  sense.  Model — "  The  water  of  the  River 
Thames  is  very  impure.''^  "Aaron  Burr  was  actuated  by  impure 
motives." 

SAFE,  ctdj.,  free  from  danger. 

1.  Safely:  safe-fly=safe-?*^,  in  a  safe  manner. 

2.  Safety:  ^?dQ-\-ty=t\iQ  state  of  heing  ^dde. 
8.  Unsafe:  un4-safe=not  safe. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Give  a  synonym  of  'safely.'  Ans.  Securely.  Give  the  negative  of 
'safely.'  Ans.  Unsafely.  Give  the  opposite  of  '  securely. '  A71S.  In^ 
securely.     We  fasten  the  doors — how  ?  safely  or  securely  ? 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES.  33 

(2.)  Give  a  synonym  of  *  safety.'  Ans.  Security.  Tell  the  difference  be- 
tween safety  and  security.  Ans.  In  the  sense  of  freedom  from  danger, 
safety  expresses  much  less  than  security :  we  may  be  safe  without 
using  any  particular  measures ;  but  none  can  reckon  on  security  with- 
out great  precaution.  A  person  may  be  very  safe  on  the  top  of  a  coach 
in  day-time  ;  but  if  he  wish  to  secure  himself  at  night  from  falling  off, 
he  must  be  fastened. 

(3.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'unsafe.'    Combine  imsafe  +  ness. 

JVDGlBj  v.,  to  hear  and  determine  a  case. 

1.  Judge,  v,,  to  hear  and  determine  a  case;  to  form  an  opinion. 

2.  Judge;  n.,  a  civil  officer  clothed  with  authority  to  try  and  de- 

termine cases ;  one  who  has  skill  to  decide  questions. 

3.  Judgment  :  judge -f-ment= the  act  of  judging,  or  the  faculty  of 

the  mind  used  in  judging.  Why  is  the  final  e  of  judge  drop- 
ped before  the  suffix  ment?  Am.  According  to  Rule  11., 
Exception  2.     Give  it. 

4.  Judgeship:  judge -|- ship =the  office  of  a  judge. 

5.  Adjudge:  ad  +  judge=to  judge  to^  that  is,  to  determine,  to  de- 

cide.    What  does  the  prefix  ad  mean  ?     Ans.  It  means  to. 

6.  Prejudge:  pre +judge= to /(^r^- judge,  that  is,  to  judge  in  a  case 

'before  it  is  heard. 

7.  Re  judge:  re  +  judge=to  judge  again  ;  to  reexamine,  to  review. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  ver&  'judge' in  its  two  senses.  Model — 
*'God  shdM  judge  the  righteous  and  the  wicked. " — Bible.  ''On  the 
11th  of  October,  1493,  Columbus  judged  from  the  appearance  of  the 
sea,  the  sight  of  land-birds,  etc. ,  that  he  would  that  night  reach  the 
shores  of  Eastern  Asia." 

(2. )  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  noun  '  judge '  in  its  two  senses.  Model — 
'"''Judge  Taney  [pronounced  taw' ny"]  was  Chief  Justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  at  the  time  the  Dred  Scott  decision  was  given,  in  1857." 
"To  be  a  good  judge  of  painting  requires  fine  taste,  and  long  study 
of  works  of  art."  Give  a  word,  adopted  from  the  French,  meaning  a 
judge  of  objects  of  fine  art.     Ans.  A  connoisseur. 

(3.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  judgment  in  both  its  senses. 
Model — "The  court-martial  gave  judgment  that  Andre  should  be 
hanged  as  a  spy."  "A  person  who  entertains  prejudices  cannot  pos- 
sess a  clear  or  sound  judgment.''^ 

(5.)  Give  two  synonyms  of  the  verb  'to  adjudge.'  Ans.  To  award,  to  bestow. 
Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'adjudge.'  Model— "  Paris 
adjudged  the  golden  apple  to  Helen,  the  most  beautiful  of  her  sex." 

(6.)  Give  a  noun  related  in  meaning  to  the  verb  'prejudge.'  Ans.  'Preju- 
dice.'   Combine  and  define  prejudge  +  ment. 


34  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

HOPE,  7^.,  confidence  in  a  future  event. 

1.  Hopeful:  hope +  t\il=fuU  of  hope. 

2.  Hopeless  :  hope  hles3— without  hope. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Combine  and  define  hope  4- ful  +  ly  ;  hope  +  ful  +  ness.  Give  two  synonyms 
of  'hopeful.'  A71S.  Trustful  and  confident.  Which  is  the  stronger 
word,  ' hopeful '  or  ' confident '  ?  A7is.  'Confident.'  "  Robert  Morris 
was  hopeful  of  being  able  to  raise  the  government  credit "  :  was  he 
confident  that  he  would  be  able  to  do  it  ?  What  is  the  opposite  of  a 
"  hopeful  nature  "  ? 

(2.)  Combine  and  define  hope  +  less  +  ly  ;  hope  +  less  +  ness.  Give  a  synonym  of 
'hopelessness.'  Ans.  Despair.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word 
hopeless.  Model — "Washington's  situation  at  Valley  Forge  was 
nearly  hopeless^  yet  he  did  not  despair  ;  and  though  by  no  means  co7c- 
fident  of  independence,  he  kept  his  trust  in  Providence." 

BLAME,  to  censure,  or  a  fault. 

1.  Blame  is  both  a  noun  and  a  verb.     As  a  noun  it  means  censure, 

fault,  or  guilt ;  as  a  verb,  it  means  to  censure  or  impute  guilt 
to  one. 

2.  Bl  AM  ABLE  :     blame  4- able = that  may    he     blamed,   worthy    of 

blame. 
8.  Blameless:  blame  +  less =101^^(9?^^  blame. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Give  two  synonyms  of  the  word  to  'blame.'  Ans.  To  reprove;  to  re- 
proach. What  is  the  distinction  in  the  meaning  of  these  words  ?  A7u'i. 
To  blame  and  reprove  are  the  acts  of  a  superior ;  to  reproach^  that  of 
an  equal.  Write  two  sentences,  the  one  containing  '  blame '  as  a  verh.^ 
the  other  as  a  noun. 

(2.)  What  is  the  opposite  of  'blamable'?  Ans.  Meritorious.  Write  a  sen- 
tence containing  these  words.  Model — "It  is  now  admitted  that 
General  Greene,  in  place  of  being  blamable  for  his  retreat  through  the 
Carolinas,  behaved  in  a  very  meritorious  manner." 

(3. )  Combine  and  define  blame  +  less  +  ness ;  blame  +  less  +  ly. 

JUCT,  right,  or  lawful. 

1.  Just  comes  from  a  Latin  w^ord  which  means  the  right  or  the  law. 

2.  Justice  :  the  quality  of  being  just  or  according  to  the  law. 

3.  Justify:  just-fify=to  make  to  appear  right. 

4.  Justness  :  just-f  ness=:the  condition  of  being  just. 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES.  35 

5.  Justly  :  ]\iBt-{-ly—j\ist-UJce,  in  a  just  manner. 

6.  Adjust:  ad + just = to  make  a  thing  fit  rightly  to  another. 

7.  Unjust:  un-l-just=;^(?^  just. 

EXERCISE. 

(3.)  What  is  the  opposite  of  'justice '  ?  Atis.  /?i  justice.  Give  a  synonym  of 
'injustice.'     Ans.  A  wrong. 

(3.)  Combine  and  define  justify  +  able.  Why  do  you  change  the  ij  into  i? 
What  is  meant  by  '■'"justifiable  homicide  "  ? 

(4.)  Would  you  speak  of  the  justice  or  the  jiistness  of  a  murderer's  bemg  sen- 
tenced to  death  ?  Would  you  speak  of  the  jtostness  or  the  justice  of  a 
person's  observation? 

(5.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'justly.'  Model — "Franklin 
justly  thought  that  lightning  and  electricity  are  the  same  thing. " 

(6.)  Combine  and  define  re  +  adjust ;  re  +  adjust  +  raent. 

(7.)  Combine  and  define  unjust +  I7.  Give  a  synonym  of  'unjust.'  Atis^ 
Wrongful.     Of 'unjustly.'    Ans.    Wrongfullij. 

KING,  a  sovereign. 

1.  King:  From  what  is  the  word  'king'  derived?     Ans.  From  an 

old  English  root  connected  with  can  and  hen.  The  primitive 
idea  of  '  king,'  therefore,  is  one  who  Jceiis  or  knows,  and  who 
can  or  is  able  to  do  things. 

2.  Kingdom:  King -f-dom= the  dominion  of  a  king.     Obs. — In  nat- 

ural history,  a  'kingdom'  means  a  division ;  as,  the  "animal 
'kingdom.''^ 

8.  Kingly:  king 4- ly= king-like,  in  the  manner  of  a  king;  hence* 

splendid,  noble,  munificent. 

4.  Kingship:  ki ng+ ship = the  state  or  office  of  a  king. 

5.  Kingling:  king + ling = a  Zi^^/e  king. 

KERCISE. 

(1.)  What  is  the  feminine  of  'king?'  Give  a  synonym  of  'king.'  A71S. 
Sovereign.  Is  this  word  a  synonym  of  '  queen '  also  ?  Supply  the 
proper  word  :  "In  the  latter  part  of  the  15th  century,  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  were s  of  Spain, " 

(2.)  Give  a  synonym  of  'kingdom.'  Ans.  Realm.  Write  a  sentence  con- 
taining the  word  'kingdom.'  Write  another  sentence  containing  the 
word  'kingdom,'  in  the  sense  in  which  it  is  used  in  natural  history. 
Model — "It  is  doubtful  whether  the  sponge  belongs  to  the  animal  or 
the  vegetable  kingdom.''^' 

(3.)  What  part  of  speech  is  'kingly,'  and  why?  Ans.  [See  suffix  ly.,  page 
21.]  Give  a  synonym  of  'kingly.'  Ans.  Royal.  From  what  does 
royal  come  ?  Aiis.  From  the  French  word  for  king— roy  or  roi. 
Combine  and  define  king  +  ly  +  ness. 


36  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

(5.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'kingling.'  Model — "Bismarck 
has  uncrowned  many  of  the  klnglings  of  Germapy."  Give  a  synonym 
of  *  kingling. '     Ans.  Petty  prirtce.  ^ 

HARD,  firm  or  solid;  difficult. 

1.  Hakden:     hard 4- en = to    mahe    hard.      Definition:    primary 

meaning,  to  make  hard ;  as  to  Tiarden  wood  or  steel ;  second- 
ary meaning,  to  make  insensible  or  unfeeling. 

2.  Hardly:   hard+ly=hard-Zi^^.     Primary  meaning,  with   diffi- 

culty; secondary  meaning,  not  quite,  or  scarcely;  as,  "the 
object  is  so  distant  one  can  hardly  see  it." 

3.  Hardness  :  hard +ness= the  condition  of  being  hard. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  is  the  opposite  of  ^  hard  ? '  Ans.  Soft.  Make  a  verb  from  '  soft, ' 
*    corresponding  to  harden. 

(2. )  Make  an  adverb  from  '  soft '  correspond  to  hardly  in  its  primary  sense. 

(3. )  Make  a  noun  from  '  soft '  correspond  to  hardness.  Can  we  speak  of 
"hardness  of  hearty''''  as  weU  as  of  iron ?  Would  you  call  this  the  pri- 
mary or  the  secondary  meaning  of  the  word  ?  Give  two  synonyms  of 
*  hardness '  in  its  secondary  sense.     Aqis.   Obstinacy  ;  obduracy. 

BODY,  the  frame  of  an  animal;  matter. 

1.  Body  has  several  meanings :  1.  the  frame  of  an  animal;  2.  a  col- 

lective mass,  as  a  body  of  men ;  3.  in  physics,  any  kind  of 
matter,  as  a  "heavy  body ;^^  4.  in  geometry,  a  solid  figure; 
5.  a  general  collection,  as  a  "  body  of  laws ;  "  6.  an  individual, 
generally  used  in  combination  with  some  or  no,  as  somebody, 
nobody. 

2.  Bodily:  body +  ly^body-Z^^^,  that  is,  relating  to  the  body;  cor- 

poreal. 

3.  Embody:  em+body=to  put  into  a  body. 

4.  Disembody:  dis+em  +  body^to  take  away  ((Zi«)  from  being  m 

(em)  the  body. 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  Write  sentences  containing  the  word  '  body '  in  each  of  its  six  uses. 
What  words  are  contrasted  with  'body'  as  applied  to  man?  Ans. 
Mind^  soul^  spirit. 

(2.)  What  part  of  speech  is  ' bodily,'  and  why  ?  Why  is  the  final  y  changed 
into  i  ?  Give  a  synonym  of  '  bodily. '  Ans.  Corporeal,  Give  the  op- 
posite of  '  corporeal. '     Ans.  Spiritual. 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES.  37 

(3. )  Give  a  synonym  of  '  embody.  *  A7is.  Incorporate.  What  is  the  mean- 
ing of  'embody '  in  the  following  sentences :  "  The  Governor  ordered 
that  the  militia  should  be  embodied.''''  " Shakspeare's  play  of  Hamlet 
embodies  profound  views  of  human  character." 

(4.)  What  part  of  speech  is  'disembodied,'  in  the  expression  ^'•disembodied 
spirits'?  "     Write  a  sentence  containing  this  word. 

FRIEND,  one  attached  by  affection. 

1.  Friendly:  friend +ly= friend- ?i^6;  hence,  hind,  amiable. 

2.  Friendless:  fi-iend + less  ==m^AM^^  a  friend. 

3.  Friendship:  friend + ship = the  «^^^6  of  being  a  friend. 

4.  Befriend:  be + friend = to  mahe  one's  self  the  friend  of  another; 

hence,  to  render  a  service. 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  Why  is  *  friendly '  an  adjective  ?  A7is.  [See  suffix  ly^  page  21.  ]  How 
would  you  form  an  adverb  from  '  friendly  ?  *  We  might  say  friendlily, 
(that  is  friendly +  ly) ;  but  the  phrase  ''in  a  friendly  manner  "  would 
be  better. 

Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  ' friendly. '  Model — "Roger 
Williams  was  frequently  able  to  restore  friendly  relations  between  the 
whites  and  the  Indians. "  Give  a  synonym  of  '  friendly. '  Ans.  Ami- 
cable. 

Combine  and  define  mi  + friendly.  Give  a  synonjrm  of  'unfriendly' 
which  shall  be  the  opposite  of  friendly.  Anji.  Hostile^  inimical.  Com- 
bine and  define  friendly +ness. 

(3.)  Combine  and  define  friendless  +  ness.  Give  a  synonym  of  'friendless.' 
Ans.  Forlorn.  Give,  a  phrase  meaning  the  opposite  of  'friendless.' 
Ans.  "  Having  troops  of  friends. " 

(3. )  Give  a  word  denoting  nearly  the  same  affection  as  '  friendship. '  Aiis. 
Love.  Which  is  the  stronger — 'love'  or  'friendship?'  Compose 
two  sentences,  the  one  containing  the  noun  love^  the  other  the  noun 
friendship. 

(4.)  Give  two  synonyms  of  'befriend.'  Ans.  ^o  favor.,  to  benefit.  Write  a 
sentence  containing  the  word  'befriend.'  Model — "In  his  darkest 
hours,  Columbus  was  greatly  bep'iended  by  Juan  Perez,  Prior  of  the 
Convent  of  La  Rabida,  in  Spain. "  • 

FRUIT,  the  produce  of  trees. 

1.  Fruit  has  two  meanings — the  primary,  and  the  secondary  or 

figm*ative.  In  its  primary  sense,  it  means  the  produce  of  trees 
or  other  plants.  In  its  secondary  or  figurative  sense,  it  means 
result  or  consequence. 

2,  Fruitage:  fniit-i-age=fruit,  collectively. 


38  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

3.  Fruitery  :  trmt-i-erj=SL  plccce  where  fruits  are  kept. 

4.  Fruiterer:    fruitery +  er= one  who   deals  in  fruit.     Obs.— In 

joining  the  suffix^?'  to  fruitery,  the  final  y  is  dropped. 

5.  Fruitful;    trmt+tul=ahou?iding  in    fruit;    hence,    abundant, 

plentiful. 

6.  Fruitless:  fruit 4- less =m^jM^^  fruit ;  hence  barren. 

7.  Fruity:  frviit+j— of  the  nature  of  tvmt 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  Write  two  sentences,  the  one  containing  the  word  '  fruit '  in  its  primary, 
and  the  other  in  its  secondary  sense.  Model — "  The  apple  is  said  by 
botanists  to  be  the  perfect /rw*^."  *'  HYiq  fruit  of  British  oppression 
was  the  war  of  the  Revolution." 

(5.)  Combine  and  define  un  + fruitful;  fruitful  +  ness r  un  +  fruitful  +  ness.  Sub- 
stitute another  word  for  '  fruitful '  in  the  expressions  ' '  2t,  fruitful  soil," 
a  ''fruitful  imagination."  Give  a  synonym  of  'unfruitful.'  Ans. 
Barren. 

(6. )  Combine  and  define  fruitless  +  ness.  What  does  '  fruitless  '  mean  in  the 
sentence  "  The  people  of  Massachusetts  soon  found  that  the  attempt 
to  stop  Quakerism  by  executing  Quakers  was  fruitless  ?  " 

(7. )  What  is  the  distinction  between  '  fruitful  '  and  '  fruity  ?  '  Ans.  '  Fruit- 
ful '  is  productive  of  fruit ;  *  fruity '  is  what  has  the  nature  of  fruit. 
Would  you  say  d,  fruitful  or  di,  fruity  wine — Which  ? 

NEW,  recently  produced,  or  known,  or  begun. 

1.  Kew.     What  does  a  *'  new  book"  mean  ?     Ans.  A  book  recently 

produced.  Wliat  does  a  ^^new  star''  mean?  Ans.  A  star  re- 
cently known  or  discovered.  What  does  the  ''^ new  year" 
mean  ?     Ans.  The  year  recently  begun. 

2.  Newly:  new  +  ly=new-Zi^^;  hence  in  a  recent  w<a^?^?^€r. 

3.  Newness  :  new + ness = the  state  of  being  new. 

4.  Newish  :  T)ss^-\-\^—somewliat  new. 

5.  Renew:  re+new=to  make  new  a^am ;  hence,  to  repeat. 

6.  Renewal:  re  +  new +  al= the  o^c^  of  renewing. 

7.  Anew  :  a+new=^?^  a  new  form ;  hence  again,  once  more. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Compose  three  sentences  containing  the  word  '  new '  in  each  of  its  three 

senses.     Give  two  synonyms  of  '  new.'      Ans.    Fresh^  receiit.     Give 

the  opposite  of  'new.'     Ans.  Old. 
(2.)  Why  is  'newly'  an  adverb?    ui7is.  Because  the  suffix  hj  is  joined  to  an 

adjective. 
(3. )  If  '  new '  means  7'ecent^  what  derivative  noun  from  '  recent '  would  mean 

the  same  as  newness  ? 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES.  39 

(5.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  verb  'renew.'  Model — ''  The  attempt 
to  found  an  English  colony  in  Virginia  was  renev)ed  in  the  year 
1607."     Give  two  synonyms  of  'renew.'     Ans.  To  repeat^  to  resume. 

(6. )  When  the  suffix  al  is  added  to  a  verb,  what  part  of  speech  is  formed  ? 
A  ns.  [See  suffix  al^  page  15.  ]  '  Renew  '  being  a  verb,  what  part  of 
speech  is  'renewal '  ?     What  does  the  "  renewal  of  a  lease  "  mean  ? 

CRUDE,  raw,  not  mature. 

1.  Crude  orignally  means  raw,  not  cooked.     Its  secondary  mean- 

ing is  nnripe,  not  well  formed,  as  ''''crude  fruit,"  '-''crude 
opinions." 

2.  Crudely:  crude +ly=crude-Zi^^,  in  a  crude  or  immature  man- 

ner. 

3.  Crudity:    crude +  ity=: the   state   of  being  crude.      Obs. — The 

suffix  ty  or  ity  means  the  state  or  condition  of — the  same  as 
nes8. 

4.  Crudeness  :  crude +  ness— the  state  of  being  crude  or  immature. 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  Write  two  sentences  containing  '  crude,'  one  in  the  sense  of  raw  or  unripe, 
the  other  as  applied  to  thoughts.  What  would  be  the  opposite  of 
'crude,'  as  applied  to  opinions  ?    An^.  Ripe. 

(3  &  4.)  Is  there  any  distinction  between  '  crudity'  and  '  crudeness'  ?  Ans. 
There  is  not :  they  are  both  formed  from  the  word  crude^  and  ity=ness. 
Write  a  sentence  containing  '  crudity '  or  '  crudeness. '  Model — 
"  The  poems  of  the  old  Saxon  gleemen  are  marked  by  much  crudity 
of  thought  and  expression." 

TASTE,  to  try  by  the  mouth  («.)  ;  the  act  of  tasting  {n.), 

1.  Taste  is  both  a  mrl)  and  a  noun.     It  has  a  variety  of  meanings, 

both  as  a  verb  and  as  a  noun.  As  a  t)erl)^  its  primary  mean- 
ing is  to  try  by  the  mouth.  Its  secondary  meaning  is  :  1,  to 
relish  or  enjoy,  as  "  taste  pleasure  ;  "  2,  to  experience  by  tast- 
ing, as  "to  taste  blood."  • 

As  a  noun^  its  primary  meaning  is  the  act  of  tasting.  Its 
secondary  meaning  is:  1,  the  sense  by  which  we  perceive  the 
relish  of  a  thing  ;  2,  the  faculty  of  discerning  beauty,  as  taste 
in  the  fine  arts,  or  in  poetry ;  3,  the  style  or  manner,  as  a 
poem  composed  in  good  taste. 

2.  Tasteful:  taste 4- ful=m«r^€^  by  taste. 

3.  Tasteless:   taste 4- less = without  taste.      Obs. — Without   taste, 

both  in  the  primary  and  secondary  sense  of  taste,  as  a  "  taste- 
less fruit,"  and  a  "  tasteless  style  "  of  writing,  etc. 


40  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

4.  Tasty:  taste  +  y^of  a  tasteful  nature.     Obs. — This  word  is  ap- 

plied both  to  persons  and  things,  as  a  "  taspy  lady,"  a 
"  tasty  dress." 

5.  Distaste:    dis  + taste  =:<3^i^a2/  from  tasting  or  relishing;  hence, 

dislike, 

6.  Foretaste:    fore+taste=a  tasting  or   experiencing  lefore  the 

time. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Supply  the  lacking  word  in  the  following  sentences :  "  Many  persons  do 

not  like  the of  the  olive."     "The  sense  of is  given  us  by  our 

Creator  to  add  to  our  enjoyment."     "A for  music  affords  great 

pleasure."     *'  Aflfected  writing  is  always  in  bad ." 

(2  &  4. )  Is  there  any  distinction  between  '  tasteful '  and  '  tasty '  ?  Arts. 
There  is  very  httle,  if  any,  difference.  Write  a  sentence  containing 
tctsteful  or  tasty. 

(3.)  Give  a  synonym  of  *  tasteless'  in  its  primary  sense.     Ans.  Ijisipid. 

(5. )  What  part  of  speech  is  '  distaste '  ?  Ans.  A  noun.  Do  you  say  a  dis- 
taste of  a  thing  or  for  a  thing  ?  Give  an  example  of  the  use  of  this 
word.  Give  a  word  meaning  much  the  same  as  *  distaste,'  but  stronger. 
Ans.  Disgust.  ^ 

(6.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'foretaste.'  Model — "  The  plea- 
sures of  virtue  are  d^  foretaste  of  heaven." 

HOMS,  the  place  in  which  one  resides. 

1.  Home  has  two  meanings :  the  primary  meaning,  which  signifies 

the  house  in  which  one  resides ;  and  the  secondary  meaning, 
which  signifies'^one's  own  country. 

2.  Homely:  home  +  ly=:home-?iy&^.      Obs. — The  primary  meaning 

of  the  word  has  gone  out  of  use.  "What  does  the  word  now 
mean  ?  It  means  plain,  like  that  which  is  made  for  domestic 
use.     It  also  means  unhandsome. 

8.  Homeless:  home  +  less =m^y^6>'z^^  a  home. 

4  Homeward:  h.ome-\-wsird=toward'hoTJif^ 

EXERCISR 

(1.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'home,'  in  both  its  meanings 
(2.)  Give  a  synonym  of  '  homely'  in  the  expression  a  ^''homely  face."     Ans. 

Plain.     Give  a  word  somewhat  stronger  than  'homely.'     Ans.    Ugly. 

Give  three  words  meaning  the  opposite  of  '  homely.'     An^.  Handsome^ 

grand^  splendid. 
(3.)  Combine    and   define   homely + ly ;  homely +  ness.     Combine   and  define 
homeless  +  ness.    What  word  means  belonging  to  home  ?    Ans.  Domestic. 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES.  41 

SQUAL,  agreeing  in  quantity,  degree,  or  nature. 

1.  Equality:  equal +ity= the  state  of  being  equal. 

2.  Equalize:  equal 4-ize=: to  make  equal. 

3.  Coequal:  co  +  equals  equal  with  (<%?)  another. 

4.  Unequal:  un+ equal =;i(?i  equal. 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  What  is  meant  by  equality  of  conditions  ?    Equality  in  mathematics  ? 

Equality  of  surface  ? 
(2.)  "  One  poor  moment  can  suffice 

To  equalize  the  lofty  and  the  low." — ^Wordsworth. 
What  does  equalize  mean  in  this  passage  ?     What  is  it  that  equalizes 

the  ' '  lofty  and  the  low  "  ? 
(3.)  What  part  of  speech  is  coequal  ?    If  we  speak  of  "  a  coequal^'''*  what  part 

of  speech  is  it  ? 
(4.)  What  is  the  noun  that  expresses  the  state  of  being  unequal  ?     Is  it  un~ 

equality?    A /is.  No  •  it  is  iTiequality.    Analyze  and  define  '  inequality. ' 

BRUTE,  a  creature  without  reason. 

1.  Brutal  :  brute +al= having  the  quality  of  a  brute. 

2.  Brutality:  brute +al+ity= the   state  of  being  brutal.     Defi- 

nition: in  a  human  being,  insensibility  to  pity  or  shame; 
cruelty. 

3.  Brutish  :  brute +ish==  like  a  brute. 

4.  Brutalize:  brute+al  +  ize= to  make  brutal.  • 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Can  the  term  'brutal'  be  applied  to  the  conduct  and  behavior  of  men? 
Ans.  Yes.  Write  a  sentence  illustrating  this.  Model — "The  treat- 
ment of  the  American  patriots  in  the  British  prison-ships  was  exceed- 
ingly hrutaV  Explain  what  this  means.  Combine  and  define  bru- 
tal+ly. 

(2. )  What  is  the  quality  in  15rutes  that  gives  its  meaning  to  the  word  brutal- 
ity ?  Can  you  name  a  royal  governor  of  I^Tew  England,  during  Colonial 
times,  who  was  guilty  of  great  brutality  ?  Write  a  sentence  using  the 
word. 

(3. )  Can  you  quote  a  sentence  from  Shakespeare  in  which  the  word  brutish 
is  used  ?     Ans.  : 

"  O  Judgment,  thou  art  fled  to  brutish  beasts 
And  men  have  lost  their  reason." 

(4.)  What  is  meant  by  saying  that  "  ignorance  and  poverty  tend  to  brutalize 
the  working-classes  of  the  large  European  cities  ?  " 


42  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

HONOR,  dignity,  reputation,  fame. 

1.  Honokable:   honor  +  able = worthy  of  honor.     Definition:    1. 

Guided  by  high  principles ;  as,  "  an  honorable  man  ;  '•  2.   Ac- 
companied ^vith marks  of  honor;  as,  ^^ honorable  burial." 

2.  Honorary:  honor 4-ary= relating  to  the  mere  honors  of  a  sta- 

tion; possessing  a  title  without  performing  services;  as,  an 
honorary  member  of  a  society. 

3.  Dishonor,^.:  dis  + honor— to  deprive  of  honor.     Definition: 

to  disgrace. 

4.  Unhonored:  \xn-\-\\onoY-{-QdL=not  honored. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  horwi'able.  If  one  man  was  to 
save  another's  life,  would  you  say  that  his  conduct  was  honorable^  or 
would  you  use  a  stronger  word  ?  What  word  would  you  use  ?  What 
abbreviation  of  honorable  is  sometimes  used  ?  Arts.  The  abbreviation 
Hon.  How  is  it  used?  Ans.  As  a  title  or  epithet,  as  ^'' Hon.  Elijah 
Pogram;  "  "The  honorable  the  Board  of  Aldermen." 

(2.)  If  we  were  to  say  that  Professor  Morse  is  an  "honorary  member  of 
the  French  Academy  of  Sciences,"  what  would  this  mean? 

(3. )  What  part  of  speech  is  dishonor,  besides  a  verb  ?  Ans.  A  noun.  Com- 
pose a  sentence  containing  '  dishonor '  as  a  verb,  and  another  having  it 
as  a  noun.     Combine  and  define  dishonor  +  able. 

(4.)  Quote  a  hne  from  Sir  Walter  Scott,  containing  the  word  unhonored. 
Ans.  "Unwept,  unhonored^  and  unsung." 

EXPRESS,  to  utter,  to  declare. 

1.  Expression  :  express  +  ion = the  act  of  uttering  or  declaring  one's 

self.     Definition  :  utterance ;  a  phrase  or  remark. 

2.  Expressive:  express +  ive= having  the   quality   of  expressing. 

Definition:  1.  Serving  to  express ;  2.  Full  of  expression. 

3.  Inexpressible:    in-|-express4-ible=:not    capable   of  being   ex- 

pressed. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  would  expression  mean  in  the  following  sentences  ?  "Miss  Jones 
plays  with  much  expression.''''  "Vulgar  expressions  should  not  be 
used."     "Writing  cultivates  the  art  of  expression." 

(2.)  What  is  meant  by  an  "  expr'essive  face  ?  "  What  does  expressive  mean  in 
the  sentence,  "Robert  wrote  a  letter  expressive  of  his  gratitude  ?" 

(3.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  inexpressible.  Model — "Robin- 
son Crusoe  felt  inexpressible  delight  when  he  saw  the  print  of  a  man's 
foot  in  the  sand." 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES.  48 

VI.— EXERCISES  FOR  PRACTICE. 

Discipline:    a  system   of    government;    as   "school  disciplines^'* 
"military  discipline." 

Combine  and  define  discipUne+ary ;  discipline-hary+an ;  un+disci- 
pline+ed. 

Manage  :  to  conduct,  to  govern. 

Combine  and  define  manage+able.     Why  is  the  e  retained  ?    Man- 
age-fer;  manage+ment;  un+manage+able. 

Real  :  actually  existing,  true,  genuine. 

Combine  and  define  real+ly ;  real+ity ;  real+ize. 

Sincere:  honest,  true,  genuine. 

Combine  and  define  sincere-f  ity ;  in-f-sincere ;  in+sincere+ity. 

Embarrass  :  to  perplex,  to  entangle. 

Combine  and  define  embarrass-f-ment ;  dis-f-embarrass-(-ment. 

Imitate  :  to  copy. 

Combine  and  define  imitate+ion ;  imitate+ive. 

Kation:  a  people  distinct  from  others. 

Combine  and  define  nation+al;  nation+al+ity. 

Sceptic  :  a  doul^ter. 

Combine  and  define  sceptic+al ;  sceptic+ism. 

Commerce:  trade,  traffic. 

Combine  and  define  cpmmerce+ial ;  commerce+ial+ly 

Imbecile  :  weak,  feeble,  infirm. 

Combine  and  define  imbecile-j-ity. 

Self  :  one's  own  person. 

Combine  and  define  self-f-ish ;  self +hood ;  self +ish+ne3s ;  self +i8h 
H-ly;  nn+self+ish;  un-f-self+ish+ness. 

Medicine  :  a  substance  that  has  the  property  of  curing  diseases. 
Combine  and  define  medicine+al ;  medicine+al+ly. 

Oppress  :  to  crush  by  a  heavy  burden. 

Combine  and  define  oppress+ive ;  oppress+ion. 

Power:  strength,  capacity. 

Combine  and  define  power+ful ;  power +lcss  ;  power+less+ness. 


44  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Knaye  :  a  rascal,  a  scoundrel. 

Combine  and  define  knave+ery ;  knave+ish.  > 

Dictate  :  to  command  with  authority. 

Combine  and  define  dictate+or ;  dictate+ion ;  dictate+or+iaL 

Benign  :  kind,  inspired  with  good-mil. 

Combine  and  define  benign+ly ;  benign+ity. 

Faith:  trust,  confidence. 

Combine  and  define  faith+ful;  faith+less;  faith+ful-}-ly ;  faith-f- 
ful+ness;  un+faith+ful. 

Doubt  :  distrust,  want  of  belief. 

Combine  and  define  doubt+er ;  doubt+f  ul ;  doubt+less ;  un+doubt 
+ed+ly. 

Invent  :  to  bring  into  existence. 

Combine  and  define  invent-f-ive ;  invent+ion ;  inveiit+or. 

DiscovEii :  to  bring  to  light. 

Combine  and  define  discover+er ;  discover+able ;  nn+discover-j-ed  ; 
re+discover. 

Tranquil:  calm,  quiet. 

Combine    and    define  tranquil+ity ;    tranqnil+ize.      Why  do  you 
double  the  I  before  ity  and  not  double  it  before  ize? 

Covet  :  to  desire  unreasonably. 

Combine  and  define  covet-f-ous ;  covet+ous-j-ness. 

Busy:  active,  employed.  * 

Combine  and  define  busy+ly ;  busy+ness. 

Educate  :  to  instruct  or  teach. 

Combine  and  define  educate+ion ;  educate+or ;  un+educate+ed. 

Critic  :  a  judge  of  productions  or  performances. 
Combine  and  define  critic+al ;  critic+ize. 


/ 


Vn.— DERIVATIVES  FROM  ANGLO-SAXOK 


What  can  you  say  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  language  ?  Ans.  It  was 
the  language  of  the  Angles  and  Saxons,  German  tribes  who  in  the 
5th  century  after  Christ  invaded  the  island  of  Britain,  and  laid 
the  basis  of  the  Ensrlish  nation. 


DERIVATIVES  FROM  ANGLO-SAXON.  45 

How  is  the  Anglo-Saxon  related  to  English?  Ans.  It  is  the 
foundation  of  the  English  language.  Most  of  our  common  words 
are  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin. 

CORN,  the  seed  of  certain  plants. 

1.  Corn.     What  is  the  origin  of  the  word  'com'?    Ans,  It  is  a 

pure  Anglo-Saxon  word,  and  means  a  grain  or  seed. 

2.  Acorn.     What  is  the  origin  of  the  word  '  acorn '  ?     Ans.  It  is  de- 

rived from  cec  or  ac,  the  Saxon  word  for  oak,  and  corn :  so 
that  it  means  literally  an  oah-corn,  or  oak-seed. 

3.  Kernel.     How  is  the  word  '  kernel '  connected  with  com  ?   Ans. 

It  means  a  corn-el  or  little  seed.     Obs. — The  suffix  el  forms  a 
diminutive. 

HEAVIj,  to  raise  up. 

1.  Heaven:  that  which  is  heav^Tz  or  heaved  up  over  our  heads,  the 

sky. 

Combine  and  define  heaven +ly.  .  Give  a  synonym  of 
*  heavenly.'     Ans.    Celestial. 

2.  Heavy  :  that  which  is  heaved  with  difficulty. 

Combine  and  define  heavy H-ness.  Give  a  synonym  of 
'  heavy.'  Ans.  Weighty,  ponderous.  The  opposite  of  '  heavy  V 
Ans.  Light, 

TROW,  to  believe. 

1.  Trow.     What  can  you  say  of  the  verb  to   *trow'?    Ans.  It 

means  to  believe  ;  but  the  word  has  nearly  gone  out  of  use. 

2.  True  :  '  true '  is,  originally,  that  which  one  trows  or  believes. 

3.  Truth  :   '  truth '  is,  originally,  what  one  troweth  or  believeth. 

4.  Troth:  *  troth'  means  belief  or  faith.     To  "  plight  troth"  is  to 

solemnly  pledge  faith ;  "  plighted  troth '''' =plighted  faith. 

WRING,  to  twist. 
1.  Wrong  :  that  which  is  wrung  or  twisted  from  the  right, 

RECK,  v.,  to  heed  or  care  for. 

1.  What  can  you  say  of  the  verb  to  *  reck '  ?     Ans.  It  has  gone  out 
of  use  except  in  poetry.     Can  you  give  an  illustra.tion  of  its 


43  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

employment?     Ans.  In  Byron's  poem  of  the  "Dying  Gladi- 
ator," it  is  said : 

'*  He  reclc'd  not  of  the  life  he  lost,  nor  prize." 
This  means  that  he  did  not  heed  or  care  for  his  life. 

2.  Reckless  :  reck  +  less=without  heed  or  care. 

Give  two  synonyms  of  '  reckless.'  A?is.  Heedless,  careless. 
Which  is  the  strongest — reckless,  heedless,  or  careless  ?  Ans. 
HecMess.  Give  a  word  as  strong  as  *  reckless.'  A?is.  JDes^ 
jperate. 

Wliat  is  the  opposite  of  '  reckless '  ?  Ans.  Cautious,  dis- 
creet, careful. 

Combine  and  define  reck+leS3  +  ly  j  reck+less+ness. 

3.  Reckon.     Explain  the  relation  of  '  reckon '  and  rech     Ans.  To 

'  reck '  is  to  heed  or  take  into  account :  to  rec'kon  is  also  to 
tal^e  into  account. 

Give  a  synonym  of  *  reckon.'     Ans.    Calculate. 

What   noun  is   formed   from   reckon?      Ans.  UecTconing. 
Wliat  is  meant  l^y  a  "  ready-reckoner  "  ? 
4  Rack.     Explain  the  relation  of  '  reck '  and  raclc.     To  reck  is  to 
care,  and  what  gives  care  strains.     To  rach  is  to  strain  or 
stretch. 

Give  a  sentence  containing  this  word.  MoDEii — "  Richard 
raclced  his  brains  over  the  sum  in  proportion." 

Wliat  other  part  of  speech  is  '  rack '  besides  a  verb  ?  Ans. 
A  noun.  What  does  a  raclc  mean  ?  Ans.  xVn  instrument  of 
torture  formerly  employed  to  strain  a  confession  from  a  pris- 
oner. 

SPELL. 

1.  From  what  does  the  word  'spell'  come?  Ans.  It  comes  from 
the  Anglo-Saxon  verb  spellm?i,  which  meant  to  tell,  to  nar- 
rate ;  hence  spelling  ig  the  telling  of  the  parts  of  words.  The 
Anglo-Saxon  noun  '  spell '  meant  what  ?  Ans.  A  narrative 
or  report. 

%  Spell,  n.  Can  you  give  a  peculiar  use  of  the  noun  '  spell '  ? 
Ans.  Milton  says  "  Begin,  begin,  the  mystic  spell  prepare." 
What  is  the  explanation  ?  Ans.  In  this  sense  '  spell '  meant 
a  magical  narrative  or  set  of  words  used  in  incantation.  Wliat 
other  use  is  there  of  the  word  ?  Ans.  Among  seamen,  a  spell 
of  work  is  a  turn  of  work  while  a  set  of  words  or  song  is  be- 
ing  repeated. 


DERIVATIVES   FROM  ANGLO-SAXON.  47 

Can  you  give  still  another  meaning  ?     Ans.  A  spell  of  any- 
thing, as  weather,  etc.,  is  a  short  space  of  time. 

3.  Gospel.     Give  the  derivation  of  '  gospel.'     Ans.  The  Saxon  ad- 

jective god,  meaning  good,  and  spell,  a  narrative=the  good 
narrative,  or  the  "glad  tidings." 
4-  Spell-bound.  What  does  spell-bound  literally  mean?  Ans. 
Bound  by  a  spell  or  incantation.  How  do  you  define  it? 
Ans.  Completely  absorbed  by  something  which  rivets  the  at- 
tention. Write  a  sentence  containing  this  word.  Model — 
*'  Coleridge  describes  himself  as  having  been  spell-hound  at 
the  sight  of  Mount  Blanc." 

HSATH,  a  barren  place  or  moor. 

Hkathen.  How  is  the  word  '  heathen '  connected  with  the  word 
'  heath '  ?  Ans.  A  heathen  meant  originally,  a  dweller  on  a 
heath  or  wild.  Can  you  explain  how  it  took  its  present  mean- 
ing? Ans.  When  Christianity  first  spread  thi'oughout  the 
Koman  empire,  in  the  early  centuries  after  Christ,  the  new 
religion  was  first  accepted  in  the  large  cities :  tlie  dwellers  in 
the  distant  parts  or  heaths,  remote  from  civilization,  still  kept 
up  the  old  pagan  worship — hence  '  heathen '  came  to  mean 
the  same  as  'pagan.'  Combine  and  define  heathen-fish j 
heathen  4-  dom. 

•^  DAY,  Saxon  dseg. 

1.  Sunday.     What  does   'Sunday'   mean?     Ans.  Sunnadaeg^the 

sun's  day. 

2.  Monday.     What  does  'Monday'  mean?     Ans.  Monadreg^the 

moon's  day. 
3    Tuesday.     What  does  '  Tuesday '  mean  ?     Ans.  Tue's  or  Tuisco's 
day.     Tuisco,  a  god  of  the   old  Northern  European  my- 
thology. 

4.  Wednesday.     What  does  '  Wednesday '  mean  ?     Ans.  Woden's- 

dseg.     Woden,  a  god  of  Northern  European  mythology. 

5.  Thursday.     What  does  '  Thursday '  mean  ?     Ans.  Thor's-dseg. 

Thor  was  a  god  of  the  old  northern  European  mythology. 

6.  Friday.    What  does  '  Friday '  mean  ?    Ans.  Friga's-dseg.    Friga, 

a  goddess  of  Northern  European  mythology. 

7.  Saturday.     What  does  '  Saturday '  mean  ?     Ans.  Saeter  or  Sat- 

urn's day.     Saturn,  a  Greek  god. 


48     /  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

8.  Daisy.  What  does  *  daisy '  mean  ?  Ans.  I)€Bgs-eje=the  eye  of 
day.  So  called  because  the  shape  of  the  daisy  was  thought 
to  be  like  the  sun. 

HOUSE. 

Husband.  Explain  how  '  husband '  came  from  house.  Ans.  The 
Saxon  word  for  house  was  spelled  hus :  combining  hus+ 
band,  and  we  have  '  husband '==  the  band  or  bond  of  the 
house  ;  that  is,  the  head  of  the  house. 

WEAVE,  to  unite  threads. 

1.  Wife.     From  what  is  *  wife '  derived  ?     Ans.  From  the  Saxon 

verb  we/an,  the  same  word  from  which  *  weave '  comes.  Its 
original  meaning  ?     Ans.  One  who  weaves. 

2.  Woof.     *  Woof '  also  comes  from  we/an,  to  weave,  and  means 

the  'threads  that  cross  the  warp  in  weaving.\ 

3.  Webster.      From  wefan  comes  the  Saxon  or  English  word 

'  web,'  meaning  anything  woven ;  the  suffix  ster  means  one 
who :  web + ster = one  who  weaves,  that  is,  a  weaver.  Origin- 
ally it  meant  a  female  who  weaves. 

4.  Woman  :  vrife+man,  contracted  woman.     The  original  meaning 

is  a  female  of  the  human  or  mankind.  Combine  and  define 
woman+ly  ;  woxnan-|-ish ;  woman+hood. 

WISE,  possessing  knowledge. 

1.  Wisdom.     The  Saxon  word  for  'wisdom' was  wis +dom= wis- 

dom, the  possession  of  knowledge.  'Wis'  is  connected  with 
wiian,  to  know. 

2.  Wit  :  from  the  Saxon  verb  witan,  to  know.     It  originally  meant 

sense  or  knowledge.     Thus  we  speak  of  a  person  having 
"  his  wits  about  him."     It  now  means  intellectual  keenness, 
and  humor.     Combine  and  define  wit +  y;  wit +  y  +  ness.. 
8.  Wizakd:  wise +  ard=: wizard;  literally,  one  who hiows;  second- 
ary meaning,  a  conjurer  or  sorcerer. 

RED,  a  color. 

1.  Red  was  spelled  read  in  old  English,  but  sounded  as  we  sound 

red.     Another  form  of  red  was  rude  (pronounced  ruddy). 

2.  Reddish:  Yed-\-\^\i=8omewhat  ved.     Why  do   you   douV)le  the 

final  d  ? 


DERIVATIVES   FROM  ANGLO-SAXON.  49 

3.  Redden  :  red  +  en=to  make  red.  Can  you  give  a  synonym  of 
'  red '  in  the  sense  of  making  red  with  blood  ?  Ans.  '  Incar- 
nadine.' 

4  Ruddy:  from  the  Saxon  *rude,'  meaning  red=of  a  red  color. 
Has  the  word  as  wide  an  application  as  red  ?  Ans.  It  has 
not;  it  is  applied  chiefly  to  the  human  countenance,  as 
'''ruddy  cheeks." 

Combine  and  define  red  +  ness  ;  ruddy  +  ness. 

BURN,  to  consume  with  fire. 

1,  Brown  :  of  a  darkish  color,  as  though  lurnt  by  the  sun.    Can 

you  mention  a  synonym  of  '  brown '  ?    Ans.  Auburn.      What 
is  the  difference  ? 

2.  Brunt  :    the  heat   of  an  onset.     What  does  the  "  Irunt  of  a 

battle  "  mean  ?     Ans.  Where  the  fight  is  raging  hot. 
8.  Brand  :  a  piece  of  'burning  wood.     To  brand :  to  mark  with  a 
hot  iron. 

Combine  and  define  burn  +  er;  brown +ish;  brown  +  ness. 

LONG,  the  opposite  of  short 

Length.  What  was  the  Saxon  word  for  '  long '  ?  Ans.  Lemj. 
Analyze  'length.'  Ans.  Leng  +  eth= that  which  shows  how 
long  a  thing  is. 

STRONG,  powerful. 

Strength.  What  was  the  Saxon  word  for  '  strong '  ?  An^.  Strang. 
Wliat  does  'strength'  literally  mean?  Ans.  That  which 
maketh  strong  or  Strang,  that  which  strengetJi. 

MOON,  the  earth's  satellite. 

Month.  From  what  is  'month'  derived  ?  Ans.  From  monOi^  the 
Saxon  word  for  moon:  monatli,  the  course  or  run  of  the 
moon,  contracted  month. 

BLACK,  a  color. 

1.  Black  was  written  in  Saxon  blac.     This  word  meant  not  only 

black,  but  pale,  wan,  livid, 

2.  Blackness:  black  +  ness  ==  the  quality  of  being  black. 

?> 


50  WORD-ANALYSIS 

3.  Bleach  :  to  make  Uac  or  pale,  by  removing  the  color.    It  is  ap- 

plied particularly  to  cloth. 

4.  Bleak  :  dark,  hence  cheerless.    This  word  is  specially  applied  to 

scenery,  as  a  Meak  hill  or  shore.  A  bleak  wind  is  applied  to 
a  wind  blowing  over  a  wide  bleak  waste. 

Combine  and  define  bleach  +  er ;  bleak + ness ;  bleak  +  ly. 

WEND,  «?.,  to  turn  or  go. 

Went.  Explain  the  word  'went.'  Ans.  Went  is  called  the  imper- 
fect tense  of  the  irregular  verb  to  go ;  but  it  is  really  the 
imperfect  tense  of  the  verb  to  wend. 

How  do  you  show  this  ?  Ans.  '  Went '  is  wended  con- 
tracted, went.  "  He  wended  4ii«  wa^JUs  the  same  as  what  ? 
Ans.  "  He  went  his  way  " 

GIVE,  to  grant. 

1.  If.  How  is  the  word  '  if '  related  to  the  word  gwe  ?    Ans.  It  is 

contracted  from  gif,  the  imperative  mood  of  the  Saxon  verb 
gifian^  to  give  or  grant.  (7i/*  means  give  or  grant.  "  If  you 
study  you  will  improve"  is  the  same  as,  '■^ grant  that  you 
study,  you  will  improve." 

2.  Gift.  From  the  Saxon  verb  *  gifian '  =  something  gwen. 

ADD,  to  join  to. 

And.  How  is  '  and '  connected  with  add  ?  Ans.  *  And '  is  the  im- 
perative mood  of  the  Saxon  verb  andan,  to  add.  What  does 
*  and '  originally  mean  ?  Ans.  It  means  add.  '*  Bread  and 
butter"  is  the  same  as  "bread  add  butter." 

SHEAR,  to  separate. 

1.  Shire  means  a  district  sheared  or  separated  from  the  rest. 

2.  Shore  is  the  place  where  the  land  is  sheared  or  separated  from 

the  water. 

3.  Share  is  a  portion  of  anything  sheared  or  divided  off. 

4.  Shred  is  that  which  is  sheared  or  shorn  from  the  main  piece. 

POST,  that  which  is  placed. 

*  Post '  is  a  piece  of  timber  placed  in  the  ground.     A  military  sta- 
tion is  a  post,  for  men  are  placed  in  it.     To  travel  post  is  to  have 


DERIVATIVES   FROM  ANGLO-SAXON.  51 

certain  relays  of  horses  placed  at  certain  intervals,  that  so  no  delay- 
on  the  road  may  occur.  The  .post-office  was  originally  an  office  for 
sending  letters  by  post,  that  is,  by  relays  of  horses.  To  post  a  ledger 
is  to  place  or  register  its  various  items. 

ONE,  single. 

1.  Only.  How  is  *  only '  connected  with  *  one '  ?    Ans,  *  Only '  is 

one -i-ly= one-like,  that  is,  sole  or  singular. 

2.  Atonement.  What  is  the  composition  of  '  atonement  ? '     Ans. 

At+one  +  ment=the  setting  at  one  those  who  were  at  twain 
before,  namely  God  and  man. 


52  WORD-ANALYSIS. 


Part    II. 

LATIN    DERIVATIVES. 

I.— EXPLANATIONS. 

1.  It  has  been  seen  that  an  English  primitive  word  is  a  word  in 
its  simplest  English  form.  *  Educate '  is  an  English  primitive  be- 
cause the  word  is  in  its  simplest  English  form.  '  Education,'  '  edu- 
cator,' and  'uneducated'  are  derivatives  from  'educate.' 

2.  But  the  word  '  educate '  can  be  traced  back  to  a  simpler  form 
in  the  Latin  language.  It  comes  from  the  Latin  verb  duco^  I  lead 
or  draw,  and  tlie  prefix  <?,  meaning  forth  or  out.  'Educate'  means, 
therefore,  to  d,raw  out  the  faculties  of  the  mind. 

3.  A  Latin  primitive  is  a  Latin  word  used  to  form  English  deriva- 
tives. Duco  is  a  Latin  primitive.  It  gives  us  a  number  of  English 
derivatives,  as  educe,  to  draw  out;  induce,  to  draw  in;  deduce,  to 
draw  down  ;  ductile,  that  may  be  drawn,  etc. 

4.  We  are  now  to  study  English  derivations  from  Latin  primi- 
tives. 

Obs. — To  pursue  this  study  does  not  require  any  knowledge  of  Latin.  AH 
that  is  required  is  to  learn  the  meaning  of  single  Latin  words,  and  then  an- 
alyze the  English  derivatives  formed  from  them. 

5.  Latin  primitives  will  be  verbs  or  nouns  or  adjectives. 

In  giving  Latin  verbs  we  shall  give  the  present  indicative  and  an- 
other part  called  the  supine,  which  corresponds  nearly  to  the  English 
infinitive.  Thus  duco,  I  lead ;  ductum,  to  lead.  To  find  the  real 
root  used  in  composition  with  prefixes  and  sufiixes  to  form  English 
derivatives,  it  is  sometimes  necessary  to  strike  off  one  or  more  of  the 
final  letters.  Thus  the  roots  of  duco — ductum  are  due-  and  duct-. 
Example — From  (Zz^c  we  get  such  words  as  educate =e-i- due -fate; 
from  duct  we  get  such  derivatives  as  ductile- duct+ile.  The  root 
used  will  be  given  in  the  case  of  each  Latin  primitive  verb. 

6.  In  giving  Latin  nouns  and  adjectives  we  shall  give  the  nomi- 
native case  and  the  possessive,  or,  as  it  is  called,  the  genitive,  case ; 
for  the  reason  that  sometimes  the  real  root  used  is  found  in  the  geni- 
tive case.  Thus  the  Latin  noun  for  heart  is  cor :  genitive  case,  cordis 
— root  used  cord-,  from  which  we  get  such  derivatives  as  cordial^ 
concord,  etc. 


LATIN  PREFIXES.  53 

Pronunciation  of  Latin  Words. 

1.  Every  word  in  Latin  must  have  as  many  syllables  as  it  has  vowels  or 
diphthongs ;  as,  viva  voce^  pronounced  vi'va  vo'ce. 

2.  C  is  pronounced  like  k  before  a,  o,  u  ;  and  like  s  before  e,  i,  ?/,  and  the 
diphthongs  ce  and  ce  ;  as,  cado^  pronounced  ka'do  ;  cedo^  pronounced  se'do. 

3.  G  is  pronounced  hard  before  «,  o,  u^  and  soft  like^'  before  e,  i,  ?/,  ce,  ce  ; 
as  gusto^  in  which  g  is  pronounced  as  in  August ;  gero^  pronounced  je'ro. 

4.  A  consonant  between  two  vowels  must  be  joined  to  the  latter ;  as,  hetu^ 
pronounced  he'ne. 

5.  Two  consonants  in  the  middle  of  a  word  must  be  divided ;  as,  mille^ 
pronounced  miVle. 

6.  The  diphthongs  cb  and  ce  are  sounded  like  e  ;  as,  ccedo^  pronounced  ce'do. 

7.  Words  of  two  syllables  are  accented  on  the  first ;  as,  ager^  pronounced 
a'jer. 

8.  When  a  word  of  more  than  one  syllable  ends  in  a,  the  a  should  be 
sounded  like  ah  ;  as  musa^  pronounced  mu'sah. 

9.  T^  s,  and  c,  before  i«,  ^e,  ii,  io,  iic^  and  eu^  preceded  immediately  by  the 
accent,  in  Latin  words  as  in  English,  change  into  sh  and  zh  ;  as,  fa'cio^ 
pronounced  fa'sheo ;  san'cio^  pronounced  san'sheo ;  spa'tium^  pronounced 
spa  sheum. 

-       -  IL— LATIN  PREFIXES. 


\       AB  (with  the  forms  a  and  abs)  signifies  from  or  away  ;  as  avert,  to 
turn  from ;  absolve,  to  release  from ;  abstract,  to  draw  from. 
AD  (with  the  forms  a^  ac^  af,  ag^  al,  am,  an,  ap,  ar,  as,  at)  signifies 
to  ;  as  adhere,  to  stick  to ;  accede,  to  yield  to ;  affix,  to  fix 
to  ;  aggression,  a  going  to  or  against ;  ally,  to  bind  to ;  an- 
nex, to  tie  to ;  append,  to  hang  to ;    arrogate,  to  claim  to 
one's  self  ;  assimilate,  to  make  like  to  ;  attend,  to  stretch  to. 
Obs. — The  general  rule  for  the  change  of  the  letter  d  in  the  prefix 
ad  is  that  the  final  consonant  (d)  assimilates  to  the  initial 
consonant  of  the  root  word.     See  the  above  examples. 
AM  (with  the  form  a7nb)  signifies  round  or  about ;  as  ambition,  lit- 
erally, a  going  round  to  seek  votes ;  amputate,  to  cut  round. 
ANTE  (with  the  form  anti)  signifies  before ;  as  antecedent,  going 

before  ;  anticipate,  to  take  before. 
CIROUM    signifies  round   or  about;    as  circumnavigate,  to   sail 

round ;  circumspect,  looking  around. 
CON  (with  the  forms  co,  cog,  col,  com,  cor)  signifies  ^o^^^  or  together ; 
as  concur,  to  run  together ;  coexist,  to  exist  together ;  col- 
loquy, a  speaking  together ;  compose,  to  put  together ;  cor- 
roborate, to  make  strong  together. 

Obs. — The  general  rule  for  the  changes  of  n  in  con  is  that  the 
final  consonant  (n)  assimilates  to  the  initial  letter  of  the 
root. 


w 


54  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

CONTRA  (with  the  forms  counter,  contro)  signifies  against ;  as  con- 
tradict, to  speak;  against ;  countermand,  to  order  against ; 
controvert,  to  turn  against. 

DE  signifies  down  ovfrom;  as  deject,  to  cast  down. 

DIS  (with  the  forms  ^i,  (^^/•)  signifies :  1.  asunder,  2.  away;  1.  divert, 
to  turn  away,  2.  dispel,  to  drive  away. 

EX  (with  the  forms  e,  ec,  ef)  signifies  out;  exclude,  emit,  efflux, 
exceed,  to  go  out  of  bounds. 

EXTRA  signifies  leyond  ;  extraordinary,  beyond  ordinary. 

IN  (with  the  forms  ig,  il,  im,  ir)  signifies:  1.  in,  2.  on,  3.  into,  4. 
not;  1.  inject,  2.  impress,  3.  illuminate,  4.  illegal,  not  legal. 

INTER  (with  the  forms  enter,  intel)  signifies  'between,  among  ;  inter- 
cede, to  go  between,  entertain,  intellect,  that  which  chooses 
among  things.  ^ 

INTRO  signifies  within  ;  introduce,  to  lead  in. 

MIS  signifiei  ^?*<9^p',  erroneous  ;  1.  misconduct,  wrong  conduct. 

OB  (with  t|ie  forms  o,  oc,  of,  op,  os)  signifies:  1.  in  the  way,  2. 
against,  3.  out;  1.  obtrude,  2.  oppose,  3.  obviate. 

PER  signifies  through,  thoroughly  ;  perambulate,  to  walk  around.   ' 

POST  signifies  after  ;  postscript,  something  written  after. 

PRE  signifij^fe  before  ;  precede,  to  go  before. 

PRO  (with  the  forms  por,  pur,  pru)  signifies:  1.  for,  2.  forth,  3. 
forward;    1.    pronoun,    2.    profuse,    3.    promote;    portray, 
pursue,  prudent. 
_PRETER  signifies  beyond  ;  preternatural,  b^yendoiatural. 

RE  (with  the  form  red)  signifies:  1.  back,  2.  again;  1.  repress,  2. 
re-elect. 

RETRO  signifies  backwards  ;  retrograde,  to  go  backwards. 

SE  signifies :  aside  or  apart ;  secede,  to  go  aside. 

SINE  (with  the  forms  sim,  sin)  signifies  without  ;  sinecure,  without 
care ;  simply,  without  folds. 

SUB  (with  the  forms  su,  sue,  suf  sug,  sum,  sup,  sur,  sus)  signifies, 
under ;  suspect,  succeed,  suffer,  suggest,  summon,  support, 
surreptitious,  sustain. 

SUBTER  signifies  under  ;  subterfuge,  literally,  a  flying  under. 

SUPER  (with  the  form  sur)  signifies :  1.  above,  2.  over  ;  1.  super- 
natural, 2.  supervise,  literally,  to  oversee. 

TRANS  (with  the  form  tra)  signifies:  1.  over^  2.  through,  'S.  be- 
yond ;  1.  transgress,  2.  transparent,  3.  transalpine. 


^^^^-  LATIN  SUFFIXES.  65 

j^  m.— LATm   SUFFIXES. 

/      AC  signifies  of,  'belonging  or  relating ;  cardiac,  relating  to  the 
/    heart. 

ACE OUS  signifies :  \.of^  2.  consisting  of ,  S.  liJce,  or  resembling  ; 

1.  cetaceous,  2.  foliaceous,  3.  saponaceous. 

AC  Y  signifies:  1.  being,  2.  state  of  being,  3.  office  of;  1.  accuracy, 

2.  celibacy,  3.  magistracy. 

AGE  signifies:  1.  a  collection  of,  2.  being,  or  state  of  being,  3.  an 
allowance  for  ;  1.  foliage,  2.  peerage,  3.  postage. 

AL  signifies:  1.  of  belonging,  relating,  or  pertaining  t^,  2.  befit- 
ting or  becoming;  1.  personal,  2.  maternal. 

AN,  or  IAN,  signifies:  1.  one  who,or  the pe7'Son  that,  2.  of,  belong- 
ing, or  pertaining  to  ;  1.  artisan,  2.  Christian. 

ANCE,  or  ANOY  (ENCE,  or  ENCY),  signifies:  1.  being,  or 
state  of  being,  2.  ^ing\'  1.  vigilance,  constancy,  2.  innocence,  state 
of  being  innocent,  refulgency.  •  dfWtV 

ANT  signifies:  1.  one  who,  or  the  person  that,  2.  Hng^;  1.  assist- 
ant, 2.  abundant. 

AR  signifies:  1.  of  belonging,  relating,  or  pertaining  to,  2.  ha^V)- 
ing  ;  1.  circular,  2.  angular. 

ARY  signifies :  one  who,  or  the  person  that,  2.  of,  belonging,  relat- 
ing, or  pertaining  to,  3.  the  place  where,  4.  the  thing  that ;  1.  ad- 
versary, 2.  epistolary,  3.  library,  4.^^  boundary. 

^    ATE  signifies :  1.  one  who,  or  the  person  that,  2.  having,  being,  3. 
to  make,  to  give,  to  put,  or  to  take ;  1.  legate,  2.  corporate,  adequate, 

3.  assimilate,  animate. 

CLE,  or  CULE,  signifies  little,  or  small ;  canticle,  corpuscle,  ani- 
malcule. 

ENT  signifies:  1.  one  who,  or  the  person  that,  2.  being,  or  *  ing ' ;  1. 
student,  2.  equivalent,  pendent. 

ESCENCE  signifies  state  of  growing  or  becoming;  conval- 
escence. 

E  SCENT  signifies  growing  or  becoming  ;  as  convalescent. 

IC,  or  ICAL,  signifies  of,  belonging,  relating,  or  pertaining  to ; 
heroic,  poetical. 

ICE  signifies:  1.  the  thing  that,  2.  the  attribute  of;  1.  notice,  2. 
justice. 

ICS  signifies:  1.  the  doctrine,  or  science  of,  2.  art  of ;  1.  ethics,  2. 
pyrotechnics. 

ID  signifies:  1.  b<iing,  2.  'ing,^  3.  tM  thing  that;  1.  acrid,  2.  splen- 
did, 3 » fluid. 


56  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

ILE  signifies:  1.  belonging,  relating,  or  pertaining  to,  2.  may  or 
can  J)e ;  3.  apt  to;  1.  hostile,  2.  ductile,  docile,  agile. 

INE  signifies  of,  belonging,  relating,  or  pertaining  to  ;  marine. 

ION  signifies:  1.  the  act  of,  2.  being,  or  state  of  being,  3.  ^ing\'  1. 
probation,  2.  corruption,  3.  friction. 

ISE,  or  IZB,  signifies:  1.  to  maJce,  2.  to  give;  1.  fertilize,  2.  ' 
d^acterize. 

jTlSM  signifies:  1.  being,  or  s^a*6  ^  being,  2.  o^/i  idiom,  8.  doctrim 
of;  1.  barbarism,  2.  anglicism,  3.  Mormonism. 

1ST  signifies  on£  who,  or  ^A^  person  that ;  novelist. 

ITB  signifies  one  who,  or  the  person  that ;  having, '  ing^  as  Hussite, 
definite. 

ITY ,  or  TY,  signifies  being,  or  state  of  being  ;  ability. 

IVE  signifies:  1.  one  who,  2.  having  power,  3.  'ing';  1.  captive, 
2.  corrective,  3.  progressive. 

LET  signifies  little,  or  small ;  rivulet. 

MENT  signifies:  1.  ~being,  or  state  of  being,  2.  act  of,  3.  the  thing 
that ;  1.  abasement,  2.  payment,  3.  inducement. 

MONY  signifies:  1.  being,  or  state  of  being,  2.  thing  that ;  1.  acri- 
mony, 2.  testimony. 

OR  signifies:  1.  one  who,  2.  the  act  of,  Hng^  3.  th^at  which  causes ; 
1.  auditor,  2.  favor,  3.  motor. 

ORY  signifies:  1.  the  place  wliere,  2.  thing  that,  3.  o/*,  belonging,  re- 
lasting,  or  pertaining  to,  ^ing''' ;  1.  armory,  2.  memory,  3.  consola- 
tory, transitory. 

OSE  signifies /i<7?  of ;  jocose. 

OUS  signifies:  l.full  of,  2.  consisting  of,  3.  belonging  to,  4.  ^^«^?^ 
^<^,  5.  Hng\'  1.  populous,  2.  aqueous,  3.  cutaneous,  4.  contentious, 
5.  timorous. 

TUDE,  or  UDE,  signifies  being,  or  state  of  being ;  altitude, 
quietude. 

UIjE  signifies  little,  or  small ;  globule. 

URE  signifies :  1.  the  thing,  2.  being,  or  state  of  being,  3.  act  of; 
1.  picture,  2.  rapture,  3.  departure. 


-V 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES  FROM  LATI^.  67 

IV.— ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES  FROM  LATIN". 

A'GO  (ACTUM),  to  do;  to  drive. 

Roots  used :    AG--  and  ACT-. 


1.  Act,  T),    Analysis  :    formed  from  actum  by  dropping  the  ter- 

mination urn.     Definition  :    to  do,  to  perform.     The  noun  " 
'act'  is. formed  in  the  same  way.     Definition:    a  thino- 
done — a  deed  or  performance. 

2.  Action:  act4-ion=the  state  of  acting.     Definition:    a  thing 

done  or  the  act  of  doing. 

3.  Active:  ^ct+\YQ=having  the  quality  of  acting.     Definition: 

busy,  constantly  engaged  in  action. 

4.  Actor:  ^Gt+OY=one  who  acts.     Definition:    1.  one  who  takes 

part  in  any  thing  done ;  2.  a  stage  player. 

5.  Agent  :  ag+ent=(??ze  who  acts.     Definition  :    one  who  acts  or 

transacts  business  for  another. 

6.  Agile:  ^g+ilQ=:apt  to  act.     Definition:  nimble,  brisk. 

7.  Cogent  :   Go,  meaning  together,  and  ago,  become  in  Latin  cogo,  to 

drive  or  impel.     *  Cogent'  is  made  up  of  cog +  ent= having 
the  quality  of  impelling.     Definition  :  urgent,  forcible. 

8.  Enact  :  en+act— to  put  in  act.     Definition  :  to  decree. 

9.  Transact:  trans + act  ==  to  drive  ^Ar(?w^A.     Definition:  to  per- 

form. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  two  parts  of  speech  is  'act'?  Write  a  sentence  containing  ' act ' 
as  a  verb ;  another  as  a  noun.  Give  a  synonym  of  act.  Arts.  Deed. 
From  what  is  'deed'  derived?  Ans.  From  the  verb  do — hence,  liter- 
ally, something  done.  Give  the  distinction  between  act  and  deed. 
Ans.  '  Act '  is  a  single  action ;  '  deed '  is  a  voluntary  action.  Exam- 
ple :  "  The  action  which  was  praised  as  a  good  deed  was  but  an  act  of 
necessity. " 

(2.)  Define  «(?^ion  in  oratory ;  action  in  law.     Combine  and  define  in  +  action. 

(3.)  Combine  and  define  in  +  active;  active  +  ity;  in  +  active  +  ity.  What  is  the 
negative  of  active  ?  An^.  Inactive.  What  is  the  contrary  of  active  ? 
Ans.  Passive. 

(4. )  Write  a  sentence  containing  actor  in  each  of  its  two  senses.  Model — 
"Washington  and  Greene  were  prominent  actors  in  the  war  of  the 
Revolution."  "David  Garrick,  the  famous  English  a<?^or,  was  born 
in  1716."     What  is  the  feminine  of  actor  in  the  sense  of  stage  player  ? 

(6.)  Combine  and  define  agile  +  ity.     "What  is  the  distinction  between  active 

and  agile  ?     Ans.   Active  implies  readiness  to  act  in  general ;  a^ile  de- 

3* 


58  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

notes  a  readiness  to  move  the  limbs.     Give  two  synonyms  of  agile. 

ji,ns.  Brisk,   nimble.     Give  the  opposite  of   'agile.'     A7is.  Sluggish, 

inert. 
(7.)  Explain  what  is  meant  by  a  ^^  cogent  argument."     What  would  be  the 

contrary  of  a  cogent  argument?    Ans.  A  weak  argument. 
(8.)  Combine   and   define   enact +  ment.     What  is  meant  by  the   ^''enacting 

clause "  of  a  legislative  bill  ?    Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word 

'  enact.'    Model — "  The  British  Parliament  enacted  the  stamp-law  in 

1765." 
(9.)  Combine  and  define  transact  +  ion.     What  noun  can  you  make  from  per^ 

form  that  is  a  synonym  of  transaction  ? 

Additional  Derivatives  from  ago. 

Agitate  :  from  ago,  through  agito,  to  set  in  motion.  Definition: 
1.  to  stir  violently ;  2.  to  disturb ;  3.  to  discuss. 

Actual  :  existing  in  act ;  real. 

Actuate  :  to  put  into  action. 

Counteract:  to  act  against;  hence,  to  defeat;  to  frustrate. 

Exact  :  to  drive  out ;  hence,  to  enforce ;  to  require :  also,  strict ; 
accurate. 

Exigency  :  literally,  the  state  of  being  necessary  to  be  done  ;  hence, 
pressing  necessity. 

ALIE'NUS,  another,  foreign. 
Root  used:  alien-. 

1.  Alien:  formed  from  alienus  by  dropping  the  termination  us. 

Definition  :  a  foreigner — one  owing  allegiance  to  another 

country  than  that  in  which  he  is  living. 
3.  Alienate:  alien -}-ate=to  cause  (c^^^e)  something  to  be  transferred 

to  another.     Definition  :  1.  to  transfer  title  or  property  to 

another ;  2.  to  estrange,  to  withdraw. 
3.  Inalienable:  in  +  alien +able=not  (in)  capable  (able)  of  being 

given  to  another. 
V  ■ 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  Combine  and  define  alien  +  age.  Can  an  '  alien '  be  elected  President  of  the 
United  States  ?  [See  the  Constitution,  Article  II.,  Sec.  I.,  Clause  5].;, 
What  is  the  word  which  expresses  the  process  by  which  a  person  is 
changed  from  an  alien  to  a  citizen  ? 

(2.)  Combine  and  define  alienate  +  ion.     Give  a  synonym  of  'alienate'  in  ita^ 
second  nen%Q.     Ans.  To  estrange.     What  is  meant  by  say mg  that  "  th^ 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES   FROM  LATIN.  59 

oppressive  measures  of  the  British  government  gradually  alienated  the 
American  colonies  from  the  mother  country  "  ? 
(3. )  Quote  a  passage  from  the  Declaration  of  Independence  containing  the 
word  'inalienable.'  Ans.  "We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident : 
that  all  men  are  created  equal ;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator 
with  certain  inalienable  rights ;  that  among  these  are  life,  liberty,  and 
the  pursuit  of  happiness."  Explain  the  meaning  of  ^^inalienable 
rights." 

A'MO,  I  love.     AM'ICUSj  a  friend. 
Roots  used  :  am-  and  amic-. 

1.  Amiable:  am(i) + able =worthy  of  being  loved. 

Obs. — The  Latin  adjective  is  amabilis,  from  which  the  English 
derivative  adjective  would  be  amable  ;  but  it  has  taken  the 
form  amiable. 

2.  Amity:  am+ity=tlie   state  of    being  a  friend.     Definition: 

friendship ;  good- will. 

3.  Amicable:  amic-F  able = disposed  to  be  (able)  a  friend  (amicus). 

Definition  :  friendly ;  peaceable. 

4.  Inimical  :  amicus  is  the  Latin  word  for  friend :  inim'ictcs  is  the 

Latin  for  enemy.  Inimic(us)4-al=inimical,  relating  to  an 
enemy. 

5.  Amateur  :  This  word  is  adopted  from  the  French.     It  comes 

from  amo  through  the  Latin  amator,  a  lover.  Definition  : 
one  who  cultivates  an  art  from  taste  or  attachment,  without 
pursuing  it  professionally. 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  Give  a  synonym  of  <2mi^6?^.  Ans.  'Lovable.*  Show  how  they  are  exact 
synonyms.  Ans.  The  suffix  is  the  same — able,  and  amo  =  love. 
Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  '  amiable. '  Model — ' '  The  amia- 
hie  qualities  of  Joseph  Warren  caused  his  death  to  be  deeply  regretted 
by  all  Americans."  What  noun  can  you  form  from  amiable,  meaning 
the  quality  of  bein^  amiable  ?  What  is  the  negative  of  amiable  ? 
Ans.   'Unamiable.'     The  contrary?    An'i.   'Hateful.' 

(3.)  Give  a  word  that  is  nearly  a  synonym  ol  amity.  Ans.  'Friendship.' 
State  the  distinction  between  these  words.  Ans.  Friendship  applies 
more  particularly  to  individuals  ;  amity  to  societies  or  nations.  Write 
a  sentence  containing  the  word  'amity.'  Model — "The  Plymouth 
colonists  in  1621  made  a  treaty  of  amity  with  the  Indians."  What  is 
the  opposite  of  ainity  ? 

(3.)  Give  a  synonym  of  amicable.  Ans.  '  Friendly.'  Which  is  the  stronger  ? 
Ans.   '  Friendly. '     Why  ?      Ans.   Frie?idly  implies  a  positj^e  feeling 


60  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

of  regard  ;  amtcdble  denotes  merely  the  absence  of  discord.  Write  a 
sentence  containing  the  word  'amicable.'  Model — "In  1871,  com- 
missioners appointed  by  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  made  an 
amicable  settlement  of  the  Alabama  difficulties." 

(4. )  What  is  the  noun  corresponding  to  the  adjective  inimical  i  Ans.  Enemy. 
Give  its  origin.  Ans.  It  comes  from  the  Latin  inimicus^  an  enemy, 
through  the  French  ennem,i.  What  preposition  does  inim.ical  take 
after  it?  Ans.  The  preposition  ^o — thus,  ^'' inimical  to  health,"  ''to 
welfare,"  etc. 

(5. )  Explain  what  is  meant  by  an  amateur  painter.     An  amateur  musician. 

AN'IMUS,  mind,  passion.     ANIMA,  life. 
Root  used :  anim. 

1.  Animal.     Derived  from  a?iima,  through  the  Latin  animal]  its 

literal  meaning  is,  something  having  life. 

2.  Animalcule:    animal +cule=: a   minute   animal.      Definition: 

an  animal  that  can  be  seen  only  by  the  microscope. 

3.  Animate^.:  anim + ate = to  make  alive.     Definition:   to  stimu- 

late or  infuse  courage. 

4.  Animosity:  anim +ose+ity=;: the  quality  of  being  (ity)  full  of 

(ose)  passion.     Definition  :  violent  hatred. 

5.  Unanimity:  un  (from,  unus,  one) + anim -f- ity = the  state  of  being 

of  one  mind.     Definition  :  agreement. 
C.  Reanimate:  re + anim + ate = to  make  alive  again..* 

aXERCISB. 

(1.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'animal.'  Model — "Modern  sci- 
ence has  not  yet  been  able  to  determine  satisfactorily  the  distinction 
between  an  «mm(2?  and  a  vegetable. " 

(2.)  What  is  the  plural  of  '  animalcule '  ?  Ans.  Animalcules  or  animalculae. 
Write  a  sentence  containing  this  word. 

(3.)  What  other  part  of  speech  is  animate  besides  a  verb?  A'lis.  An  adjec- 
tive. What  is  the  negative  of  the  adjective  'animate '  ?  Ans.  'Inani- 
mate.' Define  it.  Combine  and  define  animate  +  ion.  Explain  what  is 
meant  by  an  "  animated  discussion  ?    Is  it  \.livcly  discussion  V  " 

(4. )  Give  two  synonyms  of  animosity.     Ans.   '  Enmity, '  '  hostility. ' 

(5. )  Repeat  the  literal  meaning  of  unanimity.  If  people  are  of  one  mind  is 
not  this  'unanimity'?  What  is  the  adjective  corresponding  to  the 
noun  '  unanimity '  ?  What  is  the  opposite  of  unanimity  ?  Ans.  '  Dif- 
ference,' 'contrariety.'  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'uhan- 
'         imity. ' 

(6. )  Compare  the  verbs  '  animate '  and  '  reanimate ' :  the  first  means  what  ? 
Ans.  To  make  alive.  The  second  ?  Ans.  To  bring  to  life  again.  Has 
'reanimate'  any  other  meaning?   AnJi.  It  means  to  revive  one's  spirits 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES   FROM   LATIN.  61 

or  courage.  Write  a  sentence  containing  '  reanimate '  in  this  figurative 
sense.  Model — "  The  inspiring  words  of  Lawrence :  '  Don't  give  up 
the  ship ^  reanimated  the  courage  of  the  American  sailors."  What 
does  '■''animated  conversation"  mean? 

ANNUS,  a  year. 
Root  used :  ann-. 

1.  Annals  :  from  annus  through  annalis^  pertaining  to  the  year. 

Definition  :  a  record  of  things  done  from  year  to  year. 

2.  Annual  :  from  annus,  through  amiuus,  relating  to  a  year.     An- 

alysis :  annu  +  al= relating  to  a  year.     Definition:  yearly 
or  performed  in  a  year. 

3.  Annuity:  tvoxn.  annus,  throu^gh  the  French  annuite—o.  sum  of 

money  payable  yearly. 

4.  Millennium:  a  Latin  word  formed  from  annus  and  iJiiUe^n 

thousand=a  thousand  years. 

Obs. — A  word  used  to  denote  the  thousand  years  mentioned  in 
Revelation,  during  which  period  Satan  will  be  bound,  and 
holiness  become  triumphant  throughout  the  world. 

Peeennial  :  from  the  Latin  adjective  perennis  (compounded  of  ^?^r 
and  annus\  meaning  throughout  the  year ;  hence,  lasting ; 
perpetual. 

Jilf^^^  EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Give  a  synonym  of  annals?  Ans.  'History.'  What  is  the  difference 
between  annals  and  history  ?  Ans.  Annals  denote  a  mere  chronologi- 
cal account  of  events  from  year  to  year;  history^  in  addition  to  a  nar- 
rative of  events,  inquires  into  the  causes  of  events.  Write  a  sentence 
containing  the  word  annals  or  explain  the  following  sentence  :  "  The 
annals  of  the  Egyptians  and  Hindoos  contain  many  incredible  state- 
ments." 

(3.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  fjhe  word  annual.  Model — "The  4th  of 
July  is  observed  as  an  annual  holiday,  in  remembrance  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence." 

(4.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  millennium. 

(5.)  What  is  the  meaning  of  a  ^'' ^( rennial  plant"  in  botany  ?  .1  ns.  A  plant 
continuing  more  than  \(*kQ  years.  Give  the  contrary  of  perennial. 
Ans.  Fleeting,  short-lived.  ^ 

.-^--^  ARS  (ARTIS),  skill. 

Root  used :  art-  .  _^ 

1.  AiiT.  Formed  from  artis  hj  dropping  the  termination  is.  Dli&FiNi- 
TTON  :   1.  cunning' — tlinsi,   an  animal  practices  art  in  escaping 


62  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

from  his  pursuers ;  2.  skill  or  dexterity — thus  a  man  may  be 
said  to  have  the  art  of  managing  his  business ;  3.  a  system 
of  rules  or  a  profession — as  the  art  of  building ;  4\  creative 
genius  as  seen  in  painting,  sculpture,  etc.,  which  are  called 
the  "fine  arts." 

2.  Artist:    art  +  ist=one  who  practises  an  art.     Definition:    a 

person  who. occupies  himself  with  one  of  the  fine  arts. 

Obs. — A  painter  is  called  an  artist;  but  a  blacksmith  could  not 
properly  be  so  called.  The  French  word  artiste  is  sometimes 
used  to  denote  one  who  has  great  skill  in  some  profession^ 
even  if  it  is  not  one  of  the  fine  arts ;  thus  a  great  genius  in 
cookery  might  be  called  an  a7'tiste. 

3.  Artisan.     From  ars  through  the  French  artisan— one,  who  prac- 

tises an  art.  Definition  :  one  who  practises  one  of  the 
mechanic  arts ;  a  workman  or  operative. 

4.  Artful:  art-f  fulr=full  of  art.     Definition:  crafty,  cunning. 

5.  Artless:  art  +  less = without  art.     Definition:  free  from  cun- 

ning, simple,  ingenuous. 

6.  Artifice:  from  ars,  through  the  Latin  artiflcium=^oYiiei\mig 

made  {facio,  I  make)  by  art.  Definition  :  an  artful  con- 
trivance or  stratagem. 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  What  is  the  particular  meaning  of  '  art '  in  the  sentence  from  Shaks- 
peare,  "There  is  no  m't  to  read  the  mind's  construction  in  the  face " ? 

(2. )  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  '  artist. '  Model — ' '  Bierstadt  and 
Powers  are  among  the  most  distinguished  American  artists. "  Would 
it  be  proper  to  call  a  famous  hair-dresser  an  artist  ?  What  might  he 
be  called  ?  Combine  and  define  artist  +  ic ;  artist  +  ic  +  al  +  ly.  What  is 
the  negative  of  artistic  ?    Ans.   '  Inartistic. ' 

(3.)  What  is  the  distinction  between  an  artist  and  an  artisan? 

(5. )  Give  a  synonym  of  a7'tless.  Ans.  Ingenuous,  natural.  Give  the  opposite 
of  artless.     Ans.  Wily.     Combine  and  define  artless +  I7  ;  artless +  ness. 

(6.)  Give  a  synonym  of  artifice,  ^^s.  ^Stratagem.  Combine  artifice  +  er.  On 
which  syllgtble  is  the  accent  ?  Does  '  artificer '  mean  one  who  practises 
artifice  ?  A^is.  No,  it  means  a  mechanic,  an  artisan.  Write  a  sentence 
containing  the  word  artificer.  ■  Combine  and  define  artifice  +  ial  ; 
artifice  +  al  +  ity.      Give  the  opposite  of  artificial.     Ans.  Natural. 

Additional  Derivatives  from  annus. 

Annuity  :  a  yearly  income. 

Annuitant  :  one  who  receives  an  annuity. 

Anniversary  :  a  stated  day,  coming  round  once  a  year. 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES  FROM  LATIN.  63 

Biennial  :  of  two  years. 

Triennial  ,  of  three  years. 

Septennial  :  of  seven  years. 

Superannuated  :  literally,  o'oer  aged ;  hence,  impaired  by  old  aga 

AU'DIO  (AUDFTUM),  to  hear. 
Roots  used  :  audi-,  and  audit-. 

1.  Audible:  audi-fble= that  can  be  heard. 

2.  Audience  :  audi+ence=literally,  the  act  of  hearing.     Its  present 

meaning  is  an  assemblage  of  hearers,  an  audiiory. 

3.  Audit:  f voxn.  audit{um) =to  h.QdiY  a  statement.     Definition:  to 

examine  accounts. 

4.  Auditor:  audit + or = one  who  hears,  a  hearer. 

Obs. — This  word  has  a  secondary  meaning,  namely :  an  ofiicer  who 
examines  accounts. 

5.  Obedient:  from  ohediens^  obedient(is).  the  present  participle  of 

obedio  (compounded  of  ob  towards  and  audio,  to  hear). 
Literal  sense:  hearing;  present  meaning:  complying 
with  the  wishes  of  another. 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  *  Audible '  means  that  can  be  heard :  what  prefix  would  you  affix  to  it  to 
make  a  word  denoting  what  can  7iot  be  heard  ?  What  is  the  adverb 
from  the  adjective  audible^  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word 
*  audible. ' 

(2.)  What  is  meant  when  you  read  in  history  of  a  king's  giving  audience  f 

(3.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  '  audit.'  Model — ''  The  committee 
which  had  to  audit  the  accounts  of  Arnold  discovered  great  frauds." 
How  do  you  spell  the  past  tense  of  '  audit '  ?   Vt^'hy  is  the  t  not  doubled  ? 

(5.)  What  is  the  noun  corresponding  to  the  adjective  'obedient'  ?  What  is 
the  verb  corresponding  to  these  words?  Combine  and  define  dis  + obe- 
dient.   Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  '  obedient. ' 

BRE'VIS,  short. 
^  •  Roots  used :  brev-  and  brevi-. 

1.  Brevity:  brev +ity= state  of  being  short;  shortness. 

2.  Breviary:  brevi +ary= literally,  that  which  is  short.     Defini- 

tion :  an  abridgment.;  a  book  containing  the  daily  service  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

3.  Abbreviate  :  ab  +  brevi  +  ate=to  make  a  thing  short :  to  sliorten. 


64  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

4.  Brief,  a. :  from  hrevis  through  the  French  href,  shorts  short, 
concise. 

Obs. — The  noun  '  brief  in  law  means  an  abridgment  of  a  client'  - 
case. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  is  meant  by  the  saying  ^^  brevity  is  the  soul  of  wit "  ?  Show  how 
'  brevity '  and  '  ^shortness '  are  synonyms.  Ans.  Br ev= short ;  and  ity= 
ness;  hence  brevity = shortness. 

(3.)  What  is  the  distinction  between  'abbreviate'  and  'abridge'?  Ans.  To 
abbreviate  is  to  shorten  by  contracting  or  cutting  off;  to  abridge  is  to 
shorten  by  condensing  or  compressing.  Single  words  are  abbreviated  ; 
whole  works  are  abridged.  'Lieut.',  'Dr.',  'Esq.',  are  abbreviations 
for  lieutenant.^  doctor.,  esquire.  Large  histories  are  abridged  for  the 
use  of  young  students.  Combine  and  define  abbreviate  +  ion.  What  is 
the  abbreviation  for  Anno  Domini  '^  for  Doctor  of  Laws  ? 

(4.)  In  what  connection  is  the  adjective  brief  chiefly  used  ?  Ans.  In  regard 
to  language  or  time;  as,  a  "6ri^ discourse,"  a  ''^ brief  period." 

CA'PUT  (OAP'ITIS),  the  head. 

Root  used :  capit-. 

1.  Capital  a.  and  n. :  capit +  al= relating  to  the  Tiead  ;  hence  chief, 

principal,  first  in  importance.  Definition  :  as  an  adjective 
it  means  1.  principal;  2.  great,  imj^ortant;  3.  punishable 
with  death.  As  a  noun  it  means  1.  the  metropolis  or  seat  of 
government ;  2.  stock*in  trade. 

2.  Capitation:  capit + ate  +  ion = the  act  of   causing  heads  to  be 

counted.  Definition:  1.  a  numbering  of  persons ;  2.  a  tax 
upon  each  head  or  person. 

3.  Decapitate:  de  +  capit + ate— to  cause  the  head  to  be  taken  off . 

Definition  :  to  behead. 

4.  Pkecipice  :  from  prcecipitium  (compounded  of  pra?  and  caput), 

literally,  a  headlong  descent. 

5.  Precipitate:  from p?'(Bcipit(is),  head  ioremost    Analysts:  pre- 

cipit  +  ate=  (as  an  adjective)  having  the  quality  of  headlong- 
ness ;  (as  a  verb)  to  cause  one  to  fall  head-foremost.  Defi- 
nition :  1.  as  a  verb,  to  throw  headlong ;  to  press  with  eager- 
ness ;  to  hasten ;  2.  as  an  adjective,  headlong  ;  hasty. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  '  capital'  as  an  adjective.  Write  a  sentence 
containing  capital  as  a  noun,  in  the  sense  of  cit7j.     Write  a  sentence 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES   FROM   LATIN.  65 

containing  'capital'  in  the  ssnse  of  stock.  Is  the  capital  of  a  State  or 
country  necessarily  the  metropolis  or  chief  city  of  that  State  or  coun- 
try ?  What  is-  the  real  characteristic  of  a  capital  ?  What  is  the  capital 
of  New  York  State  ?    What  is  the  metropolis  of  New  York  State  ? 

(3. )  Combine  and  define  decapitate  +  ion.  Can  you  name  an  English  king  who 
was  decapitated  ?     Can  you  name  a  French  king  who  was  decapitated  ? 

(4)  What  is  the  meaning  of  'precipice '  in  the  line,  ''  Swift  down  the pred- 
pice  of  time  it  goes  "  ? 

(5.)  Combine  and  define  precipitate  +  ly.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  ad- 
jective 'precipitate.'  Model — "Fabius,  the  Roman  general;  is  noted 
for  never  having  made  any  precipitate  movements."  Explain  the 
meaning  of  the  verb  precipitate  in  the  following  sentences:  "At  the 
battle  of  Waterloo  Wellington  precipitated  the  conflict  because  he 
knew  Napoleon's  army  was  divided";  "The  Romans  were  wont  to 
precipitate  criminals  from  the  Tarpeian  rock." 

Additional  derivatives  from  caput. 

Cape  :  a  ^6?<^(i-land. 

Capitulate  :  to  surrender  on  conditions. 

Obs. — The  meaning  of  the  word  arose  from  the  fact  that  the  stip- 
ulations in  a  capitulation  were  drawn  up  under  heads. 
Captain  :  a  head  officer. 
Chapter  :  a  di\dsion  or  head  of  a  subject. 
RECAPrruLATE :  to  repeat  the  heads  of  a  discourse. 

OEVEBER  (CELEBRIS),  famous,  renowned. 
Root  used :  celebr-. 

1.  Celebrate:    celebr  +  ate = to    make    famous.      Definition:  to 

praise,  to  bonor  by  solemn  rites. 

2.  Celebrity:  celebr +  ity= the  state,  of  being  famous.     Defini- 

tion: fame,  renown. 

3.  Celebration:    celebr  +  ate  +  ion = the   act  of    making  famous. 

Definition  :  a  distinguishing  by  ceremonies. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Give  a  synonym  of  ce?6'5r«^e.  Atis.  To 'commemorate.*  Compose  a  sen- 
tence containing  the  word  'celebrate.'  Model — "The  people  of 
the  United  States  annually  celebrate  the  birth-day  of  Washington,  on 
the  22d  of  February."  Combine  and  define  celebrate  +  ed.  Give  two 
synonyms.     Ans.   'Renowned,'  'famous.' 

(2.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'celebrity.'  Model — "The 
celebrity  of  Prof.  Morse  arises  from  his  great  invention,  the  electric 
telegraph."     Give  two   sjmonyms  of   celebrity.      Ans.   'Fame,'   're- 


66  WORD  ANALYSIS. 

nown. '  Which  is  the  stronger  word — '  celebrity '  or  '  renown '  ?  Ajis. 
*"  Renown '.  Would  you  speak  of  the  celebrity  of  Napoleon  I.  or  his 
renown  ?  The  celebrity  of  Shakspeare  or  hi&fame? 
(3. )  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  celebration.  Model — "  On  the 
4th  of  July,  1876,  the  celebratio7i  of  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of 
American  Independence  will  take  place." 


A 


Clevis,  a  citizen. 
Root  used:  civ-. 


1.  Civic  :  civ-f-ic=relating  to  a  citizen  or  to  the  afEaii's  or  honors 
of  a  city. 

Obs.— The  "  civic  crown  "  in  Roman  times  was  a  garland  of  oak- 
leaves  and  acorns  bestowed  on  a  soldier  who  had  saved  the 
life  of  a  citizen  in  battle. 

2^  Civil  :  from  cims  through  the  Latin  adjective  civilis,  which  had 
three  meanings :  1.  belonging  to  a  citizen;  2.  of  the  State, 
political ;  3.  polite.  '  Civil '  has  several  minings  in  English. 
What  does  ^^ civil  government/'  mean?  Ani  Government 
of  the  State.  Wt^at  does  "  civil/  war  "  mean  ?  Ans.  War 
between  tellow-citi^ens.     Wliat  does  a  "  civil  answer ''  mean  ? 

8,.  GjviLizEy  civil  +  ize=-to  malce  (ize)  a  savage  people  into  a  com- 
munity having  a  government  or  political  organization. 
Definition  :  to  reclaim  from  a  barbarous  state. 

4v  Civilization:  civil  +  ize + ate + ion = the  state  of  being  civilized. 

5^  Civilian:  civil +ian= one  whose  pursuits  are  those  of  civil  life 
— not  a  soldier.  , . 

t 

EXEROISE. 

(1^  What  is  the  most  usual meamng  of  '  civil'  ?  Give  a  synonym  of  civil. 
A71S.  '  Polite. '  Is  there  any  difference  between  '  civil '  and  '  polite '  ? 
A71S.  Polite  expresses  more  than  civil  .—it  is  possible  to  be  civil  with- 
out being poZi^e;\ 'civility '  is  contented  with  pleasing  when  the  occa- 
sion offers ;  '  politei^ess '  seeks  the  opportunity  to  please.  What  word 
would  denote  the  opposite  of  '  civil '  in  the  sense  of  polite  ?  Combine 
and  define  civil +  117.  Do  you  say  w^zcivility  or  fMcivility,  to  denote 
the  negative  of^  '  civility '  ?  Give  two  synonyms  of  uncivil.  Ans. 
'Rude,'  'boorish.' 

(2.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  civilize.  Model — "  All  attempts 
to  civilize  the  Indians  have  proved  fruitless."  Give  a  participial  ad- 
jective from  '  civilize. '  What  compound  word  expresses  half  civilized  ? 
Afi^.  'Semi-civilized.'  What  word  expresses  the  lowest  in  the  scale  of 
society  ?    What  between  savage  and  civilized  ? 

'S.)    Give  two  synonyms  of  civilization.      Ans.    'Culture,'    'refinement.' 


ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES   FROM   LATIN.  67 

What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  'civilization'  in  the  sentence  "  The 
ancient  Hindoos  and  Egyptians  had  attained  a  considerable  degree  of 
civilization'^  ?     Compose  a  sentence  of  your  own,  using  this  word. 

COR  (CORDIS),  the  heart. 
Root  used :  cord-. 

1.  Core:  from  c<?r=the  heart.    Definition:   the  inner  part  of  a 

thing. 

2.  Cordial,  a.:  cord  +  ial=having  the  quality  of  the  heart.     De- 

finition :  hearty,  sincere.  The  noun  '  cordial '  means  liter- 
ally something  having  the  quality  of  acting  on  the  heart ; 
hence  a  stimulating  medicine;  and  in  a  figurative  sense, 
something  cheering. 

3.  Concord:  con +  cord=heartm^^  (con)  heart.   Definition :  unity 

of  sentiment,  harmony. 

Obs. — Where  heart  goes  with  heart,  there  is  agreement  or  har- 
mony.    Concord  in  music  is  harmony  of  sound. 

4.  Discord:  da&  +  GOYdi=^iQMt  away  from  {doByh^diXt,    Definition: 

disagreement,  want  of  harmony.  J^ 

5.  Record:  from  cor  through  recorder  to  remember  (literally,  to  get 
by  heart)  ;  hence,  to  register. 
EiAOE :  from  cor  through  the  T'rench  courage.     Literal  mean- 

Tieartiness  ;  hence,  bravery,  intrepidity. 
3bs. — The  heart  is  accounted  the  seat  of  bravery;  hence  the  de- 
rivative sense  of  courage. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  " The  quince  was  rotten  at  the  core ;''"'  "the  preacher  touched  the  core 
i  of  the  subject : "  in  which  of  these  sentences  is  '  core '  used  in  its 
literal^  in  which  in  its  figurative^  sense  ? 

(3.)  What  is  the  Saxon- synonym  of  the  adjective  cor <^^a!^ ?  Ans.  'Hearty.' 
Would  you  say  a  ^'•cordial  laugh  "  or  a  "  hearty  laugh  "  ?  What  is  the 
opposite  of  cordial?  Combine  and  define  cordial +  I7;  cordial +  117. 
Write  a  sentence  containing  the  noun  '  cordial '  in  its  figurative  sense. 
Model — "  Washington's  victory  at  Trenton  was  Uke  a  cordial  to  the 
flagging  spirits  of  the  American  army." 

(3.)  Give  a  synonym  of  i-OTicord  Ans.  'Accord.'  Supply  the  proper  word : 
"In  your  view  of  this  matter,  I  am  in  (accord F  or  concord?)  with 

you."     "  There  should  be among  friends."     "  The  man  who  is 

not  moved  by of  sweet  sounds." 

(4.)  What  is  the  connection  in  meaning  between  discord  in  music,  and  dis- 
cord among  brethren  ?  Give  a  synonym  of  discord.  Ans,  '  Strife. ' 
State  the  difference.     Ans.   *  Strife '  is  the  stronger :  where  there  is 


68  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

strife  there  must  be  discord^  but  there  may  be  disco7'd  without  strife  l 
discord  consists  most  in  the  feeling  ;  strife  in  the  outward  action. 

(5. )  What  part  of  speech  is  record'  ?  When  the  accent  is  placed  on  the  first 
syllable  (record)  what  part  of  speech  does  it  become  ?  Combine  and 
define  record  +  er  ;  un  +  record  +  ed. 

(6.)  'Courage'  is  the  same  as  having  a  stout what?    Give  a  synonym 

oi  courage.  Arts.  'Fortitude.'  State  the  distinction.  Ans.  Courage 
enables  us  to  meet  danger ;  fortitude  gives  us  strength  to  endure  pain. 
Would  you  say  "the  Indian  shows  courage  when  he  endures  torment 
without  flinching"?  Would  you  say  "the  three  hundred  under 
Leonidas  displayed  fortitude  in  opposing  the  entire  Persian  army"? 
What  is  the  contrary  of  courage  ?  Ans.  '  Cowardice. '  Combine  and 
define  courage  +  ous  ;  courage  +  ous  +  ly. 

COR'PUS  (CORPORIS),  the  body. 

Hoot  used:  corpor-.  !; 

1.  Corporal  :  corpor +  al= relating  to  the  hody  ;  as  "  corporal  pun- 

ishment," punishment  of  the  body. 

Obs. — The  noun  '  corporal,'  ineaning  a  petty  officer,  is  not  derived 
from  corpus :  it  comes  from  the  French  caporal^  of  which 
it  is  a  corruption. 

2.  Corporate:    corpor  +  ate = made  into   a  body.      Definition: 

united  into  a  'body  or  cori:>oration. 

3.  Incorporate:  in  +  corpor  +  ate =to  make  into  a  body.     Defini- 

tion :  1.  to  form  into  a  legal  lody  ;  2.  to  unite  one  substance 
with  another.  ^ 

,4.  Corporation:  corpor  +  ate  +  ion = that  which  is  made  into  a 
body.  Definition  :  a  body  jjolitic,  authorized  by  law  to 
act  as  one  person. 

5.  Corpulent:  from  corpus  through  corpulentus,  fleshy.     Defini- 

tion :  stout  in  body,  fleshy.  1 

6.  Corpuscle:    corpus +  cle= a  diminutive  body.     Definition j^a 

minute  particle  of  matter.  ^ 

7.  Corps  :  [propouiiced  core\  from  corpus,  through  the  French  corps, 

a  body.     Definition  :  1.  a  body  of  troops ;    2.  a  body  of 
individuals  engaged  in  some  one  profession. 

8.  Corpse  :  from  corpus,  through  the  French  corps,  tnc  l)ody  ;  that 

is,  only  the  body — tlie  spirit  being  departed.     Definition  : 
the  dead  body  of  a  human  being.  ^^ 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES   FROM  LATIN.  69 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  Give  two  synonyms  of  corporal.  Am.  '  Corporeal '  and '  bodily.'  What 
is  the  distinction  between  '  corporal '  and  '  corporeal '  ?  Aiis.  Corporal 
means  pertaining  to  the  body  ;  corporeal  signifies  material,  as  opposed 
to  sjjiritual.  Would  you  say  a  cor^ioral  or  a  corporeal  substance  ? 
corporal  or  corporeal  punishment  ?  Would  you  say  corporal  strength 
or  bodily  strength  ? 

(3. )  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  verb  '  incorporate '  in  its  first  sense. 
Model — "The  London  company  which  settled  Virginia  was  incorpor- 
ated in  1606,  and  received  a  charter  from  King  James  I." 

(4. )  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  corporation.  [Find  out  by  what 
corporation  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  was  settled,  and  write  a  sen- 
tence about  that.  J   . 

(5.)  What  noun  is  there  corresponding  to  the  adjective  'corpulent,'  and 
synonymous  with  s^ozii?2^S8 ?  Ans.  'Corpulence.'  Give  two  synonyms 
oi.  corpulent.  ^^.  'Stout,'  'lusty.'  What  is  the  distinction ?  Ans. 
Corpulent  means  fat ;  stout  and  lusty  denote  a  strong  frame. 

(7.)  What  is  meant  by  an  "  army  corps  "  ?  A7is.  A  body  of  from  twenty  to 
forty  thousand  soldiers,  forming  several  brigades  and  divisions.  How 
is  the  plural  of  corps  spelled  ?  Ans.  Corps.  How  pronounced  ?  Ans. 
Cores.     What  is  meant  by  the  "  diplomatic  corp)s^''  ? 

(8. )  What  other  form  of  the  word  '  corpse  '  is  used  ?  Ans.  The  form  corse  is 
sometimes  used  in  poetry  ;  as  in  the  poem  on  the  Burial  of  Sir  John 
Moore : 

"Not  a  drum  was  heard,  not  a  funeral  note,  fv 

As  his  corse  to  the  ramparts  we  hurried. "  J^ 

CRB'Di^  (CREDITUM),  to  believe.  o 

Roots  used  :  cred-  and  credit-. 

1.  Creed:  from  the  word  credo,  "I  believe,"   at  the  beginning  of  ■ 
the  Apostles'  Creed.     Definition  :  a  summary  of  Chiistian 
belief. 

8.  Credible  :  cred  +  ible= worthy  of  belief.  * 

3.  Credit:  from  credit(um)=belief,  trust.     Definition:  1.  faith; 

2.  reputation  ;  3.  trust  given  or  received. 

4.  Credulous  :  from  credo  through  the  Latin  adjective  credulus, 

easy  of  belief.     Analysis  :  credul+ous=having  the  quality 
(ous)  of  Relieving  easily. 

5.  Discredit  :  dis-h  credit = to  dishelieYe. 

EXERCISE. 

(2.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'credible.'  Model — "When  the 
King  of  Siam  was  told  that  in  Europe  the  water  at  certain  seasons 
could  be  walked  on,  he  declared  that  the  statement  was  not  credible.'' 


70  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

"What  single  word  will  express  not  credible  F  Combine  and  define 
credible  +  ity.  Give  a  synonym  of  credible.  Ans.  'Trustworthy.' 
State  the  distinction.  Ans.  Credible  is  generally  applied  to  things,  as 
''^credible  testimony;"  trustwoi^thy  to  persons,  as  "a  truiitwo7'thy 
witness." 
(3.)  What  is  the  meaning  of  credit  in  the  passage, 

"John  Grilpin  was  a  citizen 
Of  credit  and  renown  "  ? 

Give  a  sjmonym  of  credit.  Ans.  'Trust.'  What  is  the  distinction ? 
Ans.  Trust  looks  forward  ;  credit  looks  back— we  credit  what  has  hap- 
pened ;  we  trust  what  is  to  happen.  What  other  part  of  speech  is  '  credit ' 
besides  a  noun'i  Combine  and  define  credit +  ed.  Why  is  the  t  not 
doubled  ? 
(4.)  What  is  the  meaning  of  credulous  in  the  passage, 

"  So  glistened  the  dire  snake,  and  into  fraud 
Led  Eve,  our  credulous  mother  "  ?—  Milton. 

What  noun  corresponding  to  the  adjective  credulous  will  express  the 
quality  of  believing  too  easily  ?  What  is  the  negative  of  '  credulous '  ? 
What  is  the  distinction  between  i7icr edible  and  incredulous  ?  Which 
applies  to  persons  ?  Which  to  things  ? 
(5. )  To  what  two  parts  of  speech  does  discredit  belong  ?  Write  a  sentence 
containing  discredit  as  a  noun  ;  another  as  a  verb. 

CRFMEN  (ORrMINIS),  an  accusation,  a  crime. 

Root  used :  crimin-. 

1.  Crime:    from  crimen  through   the  French  crime  [pronounced 

cream].     Definition  :  a  violation  of  law. 

2.  Criminal:  crimin +  al= of  the  nature  of  a  crime.     Definition: 

guilty  of  crime  ;  involving  crime  or  relating  to  crime. 

3.  Kecriminate  :  re+crimin  +  ate=to  give  (ate)  back  (re)  an  ac- 

cusation.    Definition  :  to  accuse  in  return. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Mention  two  words  allied  in  meaning  to 'crime.'     Ans.  Sin^  vice.    Give 

the  meaning  of  each.     Sin  is  an  offence  against  the  commands  of  God ; 
ice  is  an  offence  against  morality  ;  C7'i7ne  is  an  offence  against  the  law 

of  the  land. 
(2. )  Would  you  say  of  lying  that  it  is  criminal  or  sinful  ?  Would  you  say  of 

perjury  that  it  is  sinful  or  criminal  ?    What  other  part  of  speech  is 

'  criminal '  besides  a  noun  ? 
(3.)  Explain  what  is  meant  by  the  verb  to  'recriminate.'    An^.  When  one 

person  charges  another  with  being  guilty  of  some  offence  and  the  latter 

replies  charging  a  like  offence  on  the  accuser.     Combine  and  define 

recriminate  +  ion. 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES  FROM  LATIN.  71 

CU'LPA,  a  blame  or  fault. 
Root  used :  culp-. 

1.  Culpable:  culp  +  able = worthy  of  blame.    Definition:  blam- 

able,  guilty. 

2.  Exculpate:  ex+cul+pate=to  make  one  free  from  (ex)  a  fault. 

Definition  :  to  clear  from  blame. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Which  is  the  stronger  word — culpable  or  guilty  "i  Give  the  opposite  of 
*  culpable.'  Ans.  Blameless.  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the 
word  culpable.  Model — "General  Lee  was  culpable  in  disobeying 
the  orders  of  Washington  to  march  to  his  assistance  in  New  Jersey." 
Would  you  say  of  Benedict  Arnold  that  he  was  culpable^  or  would  you 
use  a  stronger  word  ?     What  is  the  adverb  from  '  culpable '  ? 

(2.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  ^exculpate.'  Model — ''Gov- 
ernor Hull  tried  to  exculpate  himself  on  the  occasion  of  his  base  sur- 
render of  Detroit  to  the  British ;  but  he  was  justly  dismissed  from  the 
army." 

OUR'RO  (OUR^SUM)  to  run. 

Roots  used:  curr-  and  curs-. 

1.  Current  fl^.:  curr+ent=runnm^.    Definition:  1.  passing  from 

person  to  person,  as  a  "  current  report ;  "  2.  now  in  progress, 
as  the  '*  current  month." 

2.  Currency:    curr+ency — literal  meaning,  the  state  of  passing 

from  person  to  person,  as  "the  report  obtained  currency ;'''' 
hence  circulation. 

Obs. — As  applied  to  money,  it  means  that  it  is  in  circulation  or 
passing  from  hand  to  hand,  as  a  representative  of  value. 

8.  Cursory:  curs  +  ory=run-m/?^or  passm^;  hence  hasty. 

4.  Excursion:  ex  +  curs  +  ion = the  act  of  running  omt.     Defint* 

tion  :  an  expedition  or  jaunt. 

5.  Incursion  :  in-}-curs  +  ion=the  act  of  running  in.     Definition  : 

an  invasion. 

6.  Precursor:  pre  +  curs  +  or = one  who  runs  before  (^€).     Defi- 

nition :  a  forerunner. 


^ 


72  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  other  part  of  speech  is  '  current'  besides  an  adjective  ?  What  is 
now  the  current  year  ? 

(2. )  Why  are  there  two  r's  in  '  currency '  ?  Am.  Because  there  are  two  in 
the  root  curro.  Give  a  synonym  of  '  currency '  in  the  sense  of  money. 
Ans.  The  "  circulating  medium."  What  was  the  currency  of  the  In- 
dians in  early  times  ?     Compose  a  sentence  using  this  word. 

(3.)  When  a  speaker  says  that  he  will  cast  a  '^  cursory  glance  "  at  a  subject, 
what  does  he  mean  ?     Combine  and  define  cursory  +  ly. 

(4. )  Is  '  excursion '  usually  employed  to  denote  a  running  out  or  expedition  in 
a  friendly  or  a  hostile  sense  ?  , 

(5. )  Is  '  incursion '  usually  employed  to  denote  an  expedition  in  a  friendly  or 
a  hostile  sense?  Give  a  synonym.  Ans.  Invasion.  Which  implies  a 
hasty  expedition  ?  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  incursion. 
Model — "  The  Parthians  were  long  famed  for  their  rapid  incursions 
into  the  territory  of  their  enemies." 

(6.  j  What  is  meant  by  saying  that  John  the  Baptist  was  the  precursor  of 
Christ  ?  What  is  the  meaning  of  saying  that  black  clouds  are  the  pre- 
cursor  of  a  storm  ? 


DEX'TER,  right-handed. 

1.  Dexterous:  dexter 4-ous= having  the  quality  of  the  right  hand. 

Definition:  expert,  skillful. 

Obs.— The  meaning  of  'dexterous'  is  figurative,  and  comes  from 
the  fact  that  the  right  hand  is  taken  as  the  emblem  of 
skill. 

2.  Dexterity  :  *  dexter +  ity= the     quality    of    right-handedness. 

Definition:  skill,  expei-tness. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Combine  and  define  dexterous  +  ly.  Give  the  opposite  of  'dexterous.' 
Ans.  'Clumsy,'  'unskillful.'  Give  a  synonym  of  dexterous.  Ans. 
'skillful.'  Is  there  any  distinction  between  these  two  words?  Ans. 
Skillful  refers  to  a  quality  of  the  mind ;  dexterous  relates  rather  to 
mechanical  facility  in  doing  a  thing.  Would  you  say  of  a  lawyer  that 
he  is  dexterous  or  skillful— which  ?— of  a  shoemaker  that  he  is  skill- 
ful or  dexterous — which  ? 

(2.)  Form  a  noun  from  the  adjective  clumsy,  that  shall  express  the  contrary 
of 'dexterity.' 


^\ 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES  FROM  LATIN.  73 

DIG'NUS,  worthy. 
Root  used:  dign-. 

1.  Dignify:  dign+ify=:to  make  of  worth.     DEFnaTiON:  to  ad- 

vance to  honor. 

2.  Dignity:  dign+ity=the   state   of   bemg   of    worth.     Defini- 

tion :  behavior  fitted  to  inspire  respect. 

3.  Indignity:  in  +  dign-j-ity=the  act  of  treating  a  person  in  an  un- 

worthy (indignus)  manner.     Definition:  insult,  contumely. 

4.  Condign:  con+dign=very  worthy.     Definition:  merited,  de- 

served.    The  prefix  con  is  here  merely  intensive. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  participial  adjective  is  formed  from  the  verb  *  dignify'?  Ans. 
Dignified.  Give  a  stronger  word.  Ans.  'Majestic'  Give  a  word 
which  denotes  the  same  thing  carried  to  excess  and  becoming  ridiculous. 
Ans.   'Pompous.' 

(2. )  Can  you  mention  a  character  in  American  history  remarkable  for  the 
digni'^y  of  his  behavior  ?    Compose  a  sentence  containing  this  word. 

(3.)  Give  the  plural  of  'indignity.'  What  is  meant  by  saying  that  "indigni- 
ties were  heaped  on  "  a  person  ? 

(4. )  How  is  the  word  '  condign '  now  most  frequently  employed  ?  Ans.  In 
connection  with  punishment;  thus  we  speak  of  ''''condign  punish- 
ment" meaning  richly  deserved  punishment. 

DO'CEO  (doo'tum),  to  teach. 
Roots  used :  doc-  and  doct- 

1.  Docile:  doc+ile=that  may  be  taught;  hence  teachable. 

2.  Doctor:  doct+or=one  who  teaches.     Definition:  one  who  has 

taken  the  highest  degree  in  a  university  authorizing  him  to 
practice  and  teach. 

3.  Doctrine:    from    doceo   through    doctrina,   something    taught. 

Definition  :  a  principle  taught  as  part  of  a  system  of  belief. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Combine  and  define  docile +  it7.  Give  the  opposite  oi  docile.  Ans.  'In- 
docile. '  Mention  an  animal  that  is  very  docile.  Mention  one  remark- 
able for  its  want  of  docility. 

(3.)  What  is  meant  by  a  "Doctor  of  Medicine"?    Give  the  abbreviation. 
What  does  LL.  D.  mean  ?    Is  there  any  period  after  the  first  L.  ?    Ans. 
No,  LL.D.   stands  for  legum  doctor.,  doctor  of  laws:  the  double  L 
marks  the  plural  of  the  Latin  noun. 
4  ■ 


74  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

(3.)  Give  two  synonyms  of  doctrine.  Ans.  'Precept,'  'tenet.'  What  does 
tenet  literally  mean?  Ans.  Something  held — from  teneo,  to  hold. 
Combine  and  define  doctrine -i-al. 

DOM'INUS,  a  master  or  lord. 

Root  used :  domin-. 

1.  Domikion:  dorQin  +  ion=theact  of  exercising  mastery.     Defini- 
tion: 1.  rule;  2.  a  territory  ruled  over, 
a.  Dominant:  domin+ant=relating  to  lordship  or  mastery.     De- 
finition: prevailing. 

3.  Domineer  :  from  dominus,  through  the  French  dominer — literally 

to '•^  lord  iV^  over  one.     Definition:  to  rule  with  insolence. 

4.  Predominate:  pre + domin + ate = to  cause  one  to  be  master  &6- 

fore  another.     Definition  :  to  be  superior,  to  rule. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  is  meant  by  saying  that  "in  1776  the  United  Colonies  threw  off 

the  cZomimo?2  of  Great  Britain  "  ? 
(2.)  What  is  meant  by  the  "  dominant  party"  ?  a  ''''dominant  race"  ? 
(8.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'domineer.'     Model — "The 

blustering  tyrant,  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  domineered  for  several  years 

over  the  New  England  colonies ;  but  his  misrule  came  to  an  end  in 

1688  with  the  accession  of  King  William." 
(4.)  "The  Republicans  at  •pvesent predotninate  in  Mexico  : "   what  does  this 

mean? 

E'O  (i'tum),  to  go. 

Root  used :  it- 

1.  Ambition:  amb  (around)  +it  +  ion=the   act  of  going  around. 
Definition  :  an  eager  desire  for  superiority  or  power. 

Obs. — This  meaning  arose  from  the  habit  of  candidates  for  office 
in  Rome  going  around  to  sohcit  votes  ;  hence  aspiration  for 
office,  and  hence,  aspiration  in  general. 
2.' Initial,  <x.  :    in  4-it-{-(i)al= pertaining  to   the  mgoing;    hence, 
marking  the  commencement. 

3.  Initiate  :  in4-it+(i)ate=to  cause  one  to  go  in  ;  hence,  to  intro- 

duce, to  commence. 

4.  Sedition:  sed  (aside)  +it+ion=the  act  of  going  aside;  that  is, 

going  to  a  separate  and  insurrectionary  party. 

5.  Transit  :  trans+itr=a  passing  across.      Definition  :  1.  the  act 

of  passing ;  2.  the  line  of  passage ;  3.  a  term  in  astronomy. 

6.  Transitory:  trans+it  +  ory=passm^  over;  hence,  brief ,  fleeting. 


ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES   FROM   LATIN.  75 


EXERCISE 

(1.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'ambition.'  Model— "Na- 
poleon's ambition  was  his  own  greatness  ;  Washington's,  the  greatness 
of  his  country."  What  is  meant  by  ''military  ambition "  ?  " political 
ambition  "  ?  "  literary  ambition"  ?  What  adjective  means  possessing 
ambition  ?    Combine  and  define  un+ambitious. 

(2.)  What  is  the  opposite  of  'initial'  ?  Ans.  Final,  closing.  What  part  of 
speech  is  '  initial'  besides  an  adjective  ?    What  is  meant  by  '  initials  ? ' 

(3.)  What  is  meant  by  saying  that  "the  campaign  of  1775  was  initiated  by 
an  attack  on  the  British  in  Boston  "  ?  Give  the  opposite  of  '  initiate ' 
in  the  sense  of  commence.     Ans.  To  terminate,  to  close. 

(4.)  Give  a  synonym  of  sedition.  Ans.  An  insurrection,  an  outbreak.  Com- 
pose a  sentence  containing  the  word. 

(5.)  Explain  what  is  meant  by  goods  "  in  transit.''^  Explain  what  is  meant 
by  the  "Nicaragua  ^rawsi^."  When  you  speak  of  the  ^^ transit  of 
Venus,"  you  are  using  a  term  in  what  science  ? 

(6.)  Give  a  synonym  of  ^?'Ci57zsi7or?/.  Ans.  'Fleeting,'  'passing  away.'  Give 
the  opposite  of  transitory.     Ans.   'Permanent,'  'abiding.' 

Additional  Derivatives  from  Eo. 

Ambient  :  going  around ;  hence,  suiTounding. 
Exit  :  a  going  out,  a  departure. 
Transient  :  passing  across ;  hence,  momentary. 
Transition  :  the  act  of  passing  from  one  condition  to  another. 
Transitive  :  in  grammar,  passing  over  to  an  object. 
Obituary  (Latin   obitus,    decease)  :    relating  to   the  decease  of  a 
person. 


FFNIS,  an  end  or  limit. 

Root  used :  fin-. 

1.  Finite:    fin4-ite=having   the   quality   of  coming  to   an  end. 

Definition  :  limited  in  quantity  or  degree. 

2.  Finish  :  irova.  finis,  through  the  French  finir,  literally,  to  bring 

to  an  end ;  hence,  to  complete. 

3.  Infinity:  inn- fin+ity=:the  state  of  having  no  limit.     Defini- 

tion :  unlimited  extent  of  time,  space,  or  quantity. 

4.  Define  :    from  finis  through  the  French  definer ;  literally,  to 

bring  a  thing  down  to  its  liiriits,  hence,  to  determine  with 
precisian. 


76  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

5.  Confine;  irom. finis  and  con;  literal  meaning,  to  bring  within 

limits  or  bounds  ;  hence,  to  restrain. 

6.  Affinity  :  af  (a  form  of  prefix  ad)  +  fin  H-ity= close  agreement. 

Obs. — The  literal  meaning  seems  to  be  the  state  of  being  joined  in 
limits ;  hence,  relationship. 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  What  is  meant  by  saying  that  "  the  human  faculties  Bxe  finite  "  ?  What 
is  the  opposite  of  'finite'?  Give  a  synonym  of  Jinite.  Ans.  'Lim- 
ited.' What  participial  adjective  is  formed  from  the  verb  to  finish  ? 
A71S.   '  Finished.'     What  is  meant  by  b,  finished  gentleman^''  ? 

(3.)  Give  a  synonym  of  infinity.  Ans.  Boundlessness.  "The  microscope 
reveals  the  fact  that  each  drop  of  water  contains  an  infinity  of  animal- 
culae."     What  is  the  sense  of  infinity  as  used  in  this  sentence? 

(4.)  Combine  define +  ite:  in  +  define  +  ite.  What  is  the  analysis  of  a  'defini- 
tion'? Ans.  Define-f  ite  +  ion,  the  act  of  defining  or  closely  stating 
the  meaning  of  terms.  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word 
'  define. ' 

(5. )  Combine  and  define  confine  +  ment.  What  other  part  of  speech  is  '  con- 
fine '  besides  a  verb  ?  Ans.  A  noun.  It  is  used  chiefly  in  the  plural 
number — the  confines,  meaning  the  limits. 

(6.)  Find  in  the  dictionary  the  meaning  of  "chemical  affinity.''^ 

^     LA'PIS  (lapidis),  a  stone. 

Root  used :  lapid-. 

1.  Lapidary:  lapid -hary=: one  who  works  in  stone.     Definition: 

one  who  cuts,  polishes,  and  engraves  precious  stones. 

2.  Dilapidated:   di+lapid+ate+ed=put  into  the  condition  of  a 

building  in  which  the  stones  are  falling  apart.    Definition  : 
— fallen  into  ruin ;  decayed. 

3.  Dilapidation  :  di  +  lapid  4-  ate+ion=:the  state  (of  a  building)  in 

which  the  stones  are  falling  apart.    Definition  :  demolition, 
decay. 

EXERCISE. 

Use  the  word  lapidary  in  b.  sentence.     Model — ^1.   "  When  Queen  Victoria  ' 
wanted  the  Koh-i-noor  to  be  recut,  she  sent  it  to  a  famous  lapidary  in. 
Holland." 

2.  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'dilapidated.'  Model — "At  New- 
port, Rhode  Island,  there  stands  a  dilapidated  mill  which  some  writers 
have  foolishly  believed  to  be  a  tower  built  by  Norsemen  in  the  12th 
century."  If  we  should  speak  of  a  ''dilapidated  fortune,'  would  the 
word  be  used  in  its  Uteral  meaning  or  in  a  figurative  sense  ? 

8.  Qive  two  Bynonjia&  of  dilapidation.     Ans.   'Ruin,'  'decay.' 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES   FROM  LATIN.  77 


iM^ 


FLU'O  (FliUXUM),  to  flow. 

Roots  used :  flu-  and' flux-- 

1.  Flux:  from flux2^w= a  flowing. 

2.  Fluent  :  flu +ent= having  the  quality  of  flowing.    Used  in  refer- 

ence to  language  it  mesins  flowing  speech  ;  hence,  voluble. 

3.  Fluid:  flu  +  id=:flowm^;  hence,  anything  that  flows. 

4.  Fluency:  flu +  ency estate  of  flowing,  in  reference  to  language. 

5.  Affluence:  af  (form  of  ad)  +flu  +  ence=a  flowing  to;  hence, 

an  abundant  supply,  as  of  thought,  words,  money,  etc. 

6.  Confluence:  con  +  flu 4- ence= a  flowing  together.  Definition: 

1.  the  flowing  together  of  two  or  more  streams;  2.  an  assem- 
blage, a  union. 

7.  Influx:  in  +  flux = a  flowing  in  or  into. 

8.  Superfluous:  super  +  flu +  ous=having  the  quality  of  oversow- 

ing;  hence,  needless,  excessive. 

EXERCISE. 

(2. )  What  is  meant  by  a,  fluent  speaker  ?    What  would  denote  a  speaker  who 

is  the  reverse  of  'fluent.' 
(3. )  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  '  fluid. ' 
(4.)  What  is  meant  hy  fluency  of  style  ? 
(5.)  What  is  the  ordinary  use  of  the  word  affluence?    An  '"''affluence  of 

ideas,"  means  what? 
(6.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  *  confluence.'    Model — "New 

York  City  stands  at  the  confluence  of  two  streams." 
(8.)  Canyon  mention  a  noun  corresponding  to  the  adjective  'superfluous.' 

Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  '  superfluous.'    What  is  the 

opT^osiiQot superfluous'^    Ans.  'Scanty,' 'meagre.' 

GREX  (GRE^GIS),  a  flock. 

Root  used:  greg-. 

1.  Aggregate,  v.  :  ag  (form  of  ad)  +  greg  +  ate = to  cause  {ate)  to  be 

brought  into  a  flock ;  hence,  to  gather,  to  assemble. 

2.  Egregious:  e  +  greg  +  (i)ous=rof  the  nature  of  ((?t^5)  something 

chosen  out  of  {e)  the  flock  ;  hence,  remarkable.     Its  present 
use  is  in  connection  with  inferiority. 

3.  Congregate:  con  +  greg + ate = to  flock  together;  hence,  to  as- 

semble. 


'^^  '  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What    other  part   of   speech    is   aggregate  besides   a  verb?      Why  is 

'aggregate '  spelled  a  double g  'i 
(3.)  Combine  and  define  egregious+ly.     What  does  an  "e^rrep'iows  blunder" 

mean  ?    Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  '  egregious. ' 
(8. )  Why  is  it  incorrect  to  speak  of  congregating  together  V    Combine  and 

define  congregate-f-ion. 

rTER  (ITINBRIS),  a  journey. 
Roots  used  :  iter-  and  itiner-. 

1.  Iterate  :  iter  +  ate=to  go  over  a  journey ;  hence  to  repeat. 

2.  Itinerant:  itiner  +  ant =journey-m^  from  place  to  place. 

3.  Reiterate:    re  +  iter  +  ate = to   go   over  a  journey  once  more; 

hence,  to  repeat  again  and  again. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  does  Milton  mean  in  the  passage, 

"  Nor  Eve  to  iterate 
Her  former  trespass  feared  "  ? 
(2. )  What  other  part  of  speech  is  '  itinerant '  besides  an  adjective  ?    Give  a 
synonym  of  '  itinerant '  as  a  noun.     Ans.  A  wanderer.     Explain  what 
is  meant  by  an. "  itinerant  preacher." 
(3. )  State  the  difference  between  '  iterate '  and  '  reiterate. '    Ans.  They  mean 
substantially  the  same  thing:  'reiterate,'  however,  is  intensive. 


IjEX  (L53'GIS),  a  law  or  rule. 

Root  used :  leg-. 

1.  Legal:  leg+al— relating  to  the  law:  also  lawful. 
8.  Illegal  :  il  (form  of  in,  not)  +leg+al=not  legal. 
8.  Legislate:  derived  from  legis,  and  latum  to  bring  forward; 

hence,  literally,  to  bring  forward  laws,  that  is  to  make  or 

pass  laws. 

4.  Legitimate  :  from  lex — legis,  through  legitimus,  lawful.   Anal- 

ysis :    legitim  (us)  +ate— made    lawful.      Definition:    in 
accordance  with  established  law. 

5.  pRiviTiEGE:  derived  from  privus — private,  and  lex — legis;    its 

literal  meaning  is  a  law  passed  for  the  benefit  of  a  private 
individual.     Definition  :  a  franchise,  prerogative,  or  right. 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES  FROM  LATIN.  79 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Point  out  the  different  senses  of  'legal'  in  the  two  expressions,  "the 
legal  profession  "  and  ''a  legal  right."     Combine  and  define  legal  +ize. 

(2.)  Give  a  Saxon  synonym  of  illegal.  Ans.  '  Unlawful.'  Show  that  they  are 
synonyms.  Ans.  il(m)=un;  ?<?^=law;  and  al=ful.  Compose  a  sen- 
tence containing  the  word  'illegal.'     Combine  and  define  illegal 4- ity. 

(3. )  What  noun  derived  from  '  legislate '  means  the  law-making  power  ? 
Combine  and  define  legislate  +  ion  ;  legislate  +  ive. 

(4.)  Give  the  negative  of  'legitimate.' 

(5.)  What  is  the  plural  of  '  privilege.'  Define  the  meaning  of  '  privilege '  in 
the  passage, 

"  He  claims  his  privilege^  and  says  'tis  fit 
Nothing  should  be  the  judge  of  wit,  but  wit." 
What  is  the  opposite  of  '  privilege '  ?    Ans.  Restriction. 

LIT'ERA,  a  letter. 
Root  used:  liter-. 

1.  Literal:  liter +al=relating  to  the  letter  of  a  thing;  that  is, 

exact  to  the  letter. 

2.  Literary:  liter +ary= pertaining  to  letters  or  learning. 

3.  Obliterate,  iJ. :  ob+liter  +  ate=to   cause  letters  to  be  rubbed 

out ;  hence,  to  rub  out,  in  general. 

4.  Literature:  from  litera,    through    Uteratura=the    collective 

body  of  literary  works.  •    ' 

5.  Illiterate:  11  (form  of  m,  not)  -f  liter + ate = of  the -nature  of 

one  who  does  not  know  his  letters. 

EXERCISE^ 

(1.)  Define  what  is  meant  by  a  "  literal  translation."  What  is  the  opposite 
of  a 'literal'  translation?     Ans.  A /ree  translation. 

(2.)  What  would  be  a  synonym  of  a  "  literary  man  ;  "  would  it  be  a  "man 
of  letters ^^^  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  terms  "literary  so- 
ciety." 

(3.)  Give  a  synonym  of  '  obliterate  '  in  its  literal  meaning.  Ans.  To  erase. 
If  we  should  speak  of  obliterating  the  memory  of  a  wrong,  would  the 
word  '  obliterate '  be  used  in  its  primary  or  its  derivative  sense  ? 

(4. )  When  we  speak  of  English  literature  what  is  meant  ?  Can  you  mention 
a  great  poem  in  Greek  literature  ?  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the 
word  'literature.' 

(5. )  Give  a  synonym  of  illiterate.  Ans.  '  Unlearned. '  What  is  the  opposite 
oi  illiterate "?    Ans.   'Learned.' 


80  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

MORS  (MOR^TIS),  death. 
Root  used  ;  mort- 

1.  Mortal:  mort4-al= deadly. 

2.  Mortify:   mort -fify= literally,  to  cause  to  die.     Definition: 

first,  its  primary  meaning,  as  the  soldier's  limb  began  to 
mortify ;  secondly,  its  derivative  sense,  which  is  to  JmmUe, 
to  humiliate. 
S.  Immortalize:    im  (form  of  in,  not)  -fmort+al+ize=to  make 
not  subject  to  death ;  hence,  to  perpetuate. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  does  Shakespeare  mean  by  the  expression  to  "shiiflae  off  this 
mo7'tal  coil"  ?  Combine  and  define  mortal +  ity.  What  is  the  opposite 
oimortal'i    Ans.   'Immortal.'    Give  a  synonym.     A^is.   'Deathless.' 

(3.)  Repeat  the  two  meanings  of  'mortify.'  What  noun  is  derived  from 
mortify 'i  An8.  'Mortification.'  Has  this  word,  also,  two  senses? 
When  a  surgeon  speaks  of  mortification  setting  in,  what  does  he 
mean  ?  What  is  meant  by  '  mortification,'  when  we  say  that  the  Brit- 
ish felt  great  mortification  at  the  recapture  of  Stony  Point  by  General 
Anthony  Wayne  ? 

(3.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'immortalize.'  Model — 
"Milton  immortalized  hia  name  by  the  production  of  Paradise  Lost." 

NOR^MA,  a  rule. 

Root  used :  norm-. 

1.  Normal  ,  norm +  al= according  to  rule. 

2.  Enormous:  e+norm+ous=having  the  quality  of  being  out  of 

(e)  all  rule ;  hence,  excessive,  huge. 

3.  Enormity:  e  +  norm  +  ity = the  state  of  being  out  of  all  rule; 

hence,  an  excessive  degree — generally  used  in  regard  to  bad 
qualities. 

4.  Abnormal:  ab+ norm +al= having  the  quality  of  being  away 

from  the  usual  rule  ;  hence,  unnatural. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  is  meant  by  the  expression,  "the  normal  condition  of  things  "  ? 
What  is  the  meaning  of  the  term  a  '■'■  normal  school"?  Ans.  Its 
literal  meaning  is  a  school  according  to  rnle  ;  its  definition  is  a  school 
whose  methods  of  instruction  are  to  serve  as  a  model  for  imitation ;  a 
school  for  the  education  of  teachers. 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES  FROM  LATIN.  81 

(2.)  Give  two  synonyms  of  e/iormows.  Ans.  'Immense,' *  excessive.'  What 
is  meant  by  enormotts  strength  ?  an  enormous  crime  ?  Combine  and 
define  enormous+ly, 

(3.)  Illustrate  the  double  sense  of  the  word  'enormity.'  Ans.  If  we  speak 
of  the  enormity  of  Bacon's  learning,  we  mean  its  excessive  great- 
ness; if  we  speak  of  the  enormities  of  the  French  Revolution,  we 
mean  its  exceedingly  had  acts.  In  which  sense  is  the  word  generally 
employed "?     An^.  In  the  latter  sense. 

OC'ULUS,  the  eye. 

Root  used :  ocul-. 

1.  Ocular:  ocul-i-ar= relating  to  the  eye.     Definition  :  perceived 

by  the  eye. 

2.  Oculist  :  ocul+ist=one  who  treats  diseases  of  the  eye. 

3.  Inoculate:   im- ocul + ate = literally,  to  insert  a  bud  or  eye; 

hence,  to  communicate  disease  by  inserting  infectious  mat- 
ter ;  and  hence,  in  general,  to  communicate. 

EXERCISR 

(1.)  What  is  meant  by  "  ocular  demonstration  "  ?  is  it  the  kind  of  demonstra- 
tion that  comes  by  seeing  with  one's  own  eyes  ? 

(2. )  Point  out  the  different  senses  of  the  word  '  inoculate '  in  the  sentence 
"Lady  Montagu  first  taught  Europe  the  Turkish  custom  of  inoculate 
ing  for  the  small-pox  ;  "  ''  Thomas  Jefferson  was  inoculated  vfith.  the 
doctrines  of  the  French  political  philosophers  of  the  18th  century." 

OR'DO  (ORDINIS),  order. 
Root  used :  ordin- 

1.  Ordinaky  :  ordin4-ary=relating  to  the  usual  order  of  things. 

2.  Extraordinary:  extra  +  ordin +ary= beyond  ordinary. 

3.  Inordinate:  in+ordin  +  ate=not  having  the  quality  of  being 

within  the  usual  order  of  things  ;  hence,  excessive. 

4.  Subordinate  :    sub -I- ordin+ ate  shaving  the  quality  of  being 

under  the  usual  order ;  hence,  inferior,  secondary. 

5.  Ordinance:  ordin +  ance=: that  which  is  according  to   order; 

hence,  a  law. 

6.  Insubordination:  in  +  sub  +  ordin  +  ate H- ion = the  state  of  {ion) 

not  {in)  being  under  {sub)  the  usual  order  of  things ;  hence, 
disobedience  to  lawful  authority. 


82  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  is  meant  by  "  ordinary  language  "  ?  an  "  ordinary  man  "  ? 

(2. )  Combine  and  define  extraordinaiy+ly.  Compose  a  sentence  using  the 
word  extraordinary.  Model — "Paul  Morphy  had  an  extraordina7'y 
talent  for  chess. "  Give  a  synonym  of  extraordina7'y.    Ans.  "  Unusual. " 

(3. )  Explain  what  is  meant  by  saying  that  General  Charles  Lee  had  inordi- 
nate vanity  ?  Is  '  inordinate '  used  with  reference  to  praiseworthy 
things  ?    Ans.  No,  it  is  just  the  reverse. 

(4. )  What  part  of  speech  is  '  subordinate '  besides  an  adjective  ?  What  is 
meant  by  "a  subordinate^''  ?  What  does  suhor^dinate  mean  in  the 
sentence,  "  We  must  subordinate  our  wishes  to  the  rules  of  morality  "  ? 
Combine  and  define  subordinate+ion. 

(5. )  What  does  the  expression  "the  Oi'dinances  of  the  Common  Council  of  the 
City  of  New  York  "  mean  ? 

(6.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "insubordination."  Give  the 
/        opposite  of  * '  insubordination. "    Ans.  '"'■  Subordination, "  "  obedience. ' ' 


PARS  (par'tis),  a  part  or  share. 
Root  used :  part-. 

1.  Pabt:  from  partes = a  share. 

2.  Particle:  part® +  cle= a  small  part. 

3.  Partial  :  part  +  ial=relating  to  a  part  rather  than  the  whole ; 

hence,  inclined  to  favor  one  party  or  person  or  thing. 

4.  Party  :  from  pars,  through  the  French  partie :  a  set  of  persons 

(that  is,  a  part  of  the  people)  engaged  in  one  design. 

5.  Partisan:    from  pars  through  the    French  partisan— sl  party 

man. 

6.  Depart  :  de+part=to  take  one's  self  away  from  (de)  one  part  to 

another. 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  What  part  of  speech  is  part,  besides  a  noun  ?  Write  a  sentence  contain- 
ing '  part'  as  a  noun  ;  another  as  a  verb. 

(2. )  Point  out  the  connection  of  meaning  between  *  particle '  and  '  particular.' 
Ans.  '  Particular '  means  taking  note  of  the  minute  parts  or  particles 
of  a  given  subject. 

(3.)  What  is  the  negative  of  partial?    Ans.  impartial.     Define  it. 

(4.)  Explain  what  is  meant  by  a  "  political  ^ar^?/." 

(6.)  Combine  and  define  depart-J-ure. 


V 


ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES   FROM  LATIN.  83 

PES  (PE'DIS),  a  foot. 
Root  used :  ped- 

1.  Pedal:  ped+al=belonging  to  the  foot.     Definition:  an  in- 

strument made  to  be  moved  by  the  foot. 

2.  Biped:  bi  +  ped = a  two-footed  animal.     Bi  or  his,  two. 

3.  Quadruped:    quadru  +  ped==:a  four-footai   animal.       Quadru, 

from  quatuor,  four.  jJ^ 

4.  Peddler  :    the  literal  meaning  of  t]0  word  is  a  trader  who 

travels  on  foot. 

5.  Expedite:  ex  +  ped-l-ite  (ite,  equivalent  to  «^g)= literally  to  free 

the  feet  from  entanglement ;  hence,  to  hasten. 

6.  Expedition:  ex + ped +ite+ ion = the  act  of  expediting.    Defini- 

tion: 1.  the  quality  of  being  expedite;  promptness;  2.  a 
sending  forth  for  the  execution  of  some  object  of  import- 
ance. 

7.  Impediment  :  from  pes — pedis,  through  the  Latin  impedimentum : 

literal  meaning,  something  which  impedes  or  entangles  the 
feet ;  hence,  an  obstacle,  an  obstruction. 

EXERCISE. 

(2.)  Make  up  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'biped.' 

(3.)  Make  up  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'quadruped.' 

(4.)  What  is  the  English  verb  from  which  '  peddler '  comes  ?    In  what  other 

way  is  '  peddler '  sometimes  spelled  ?    Ans.  It  is  sometimes  spelled 

with  but  one  d — thus,  pedler. 
(5.)  "  To  expedite  the  growth  of  plants ;  "  what  does  that  mean  ?    Give  the 

opposite  of  expedite.     Ans.  To  retard. 
(6. )  Point  out  the  double  sense  of  the  word  '  expedition '  in  the  following 

sentences:     '•^V^ith.Ynnged.  expedition,  swift  as  lightning." — Milton. 

"The  expedition  of  Cortez  miserably  failed." — Prescott. 
(7.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'impediment.'    What  is  meant 

by  "  impediment  of  speech  "  ?    Is  the  word  here  used  in  its  literal  or 

its  figurative  sense  V  . 

RUM'PQ,  (RUPTUM),  to  break, 
ot  used :  rupt-. 

1.  Rupture:  rupt +ure= the  act  of  breaking  with  another;  that  is, 

a  breach  of  friendly  relations. 

2.  Eruption:  e+rupt-i-ion=the  act  of  breaking  or  bursting  out. 

3.  Abrupt:  ab+ rupt = broken  off  short;  hence,  having  a  sudden 

termination. 


84  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

4.  Cokrupt:  cor  (form   of  con)  +rui3t= thoroughly  broken  up — 

hence  decomposed — and  therefrom  its  figurative  sense  of  de- 
praved. 

5.  Interrupt  :  inter-frupt=to  break  in  between ;  hence,  to  hinder. 

6.  Bankrupt  :  literal  meaning,  one  who  is  bank-broken,  who  can- 

not pay  his  debts ;  an  insolvent  debtor. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  other  part  of  speech  is  'rupture'  besides  a  noun?  Ans.  A  verb. 
Compose  one  sentence  using  the  word  as  a  verb,  the  other  as  a  noun. 
What  does  the  ^''rupture  of  a  blood  vessel "  mean  ?  Is  this  the  literal 
sense  of  the  vfoxd..  The  ^'•rupture  of  friendly  relations"  between 
Maine  and  Massachusetts ;  is  this  its  hteral  or  its  figurative  sense  ? 

(2. )  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  '  eruption. ' 

(3.)  Combine  and  define  abrupt+ness ;  abrupt-f-ly;  When  we  speak  of  an 
'"''abrupt  manner,"  what  is  meant?  When  we  speak  of  an  ^''abrupt 
descent,"  what  is  meant  ? 

(4.)  Explain  what  is  meant  by  "corrupt  principles;"  a  *'corr2^p^  judge." 
Combine  and  define  corrupt+ion ;  corrupt+ible ;  in-f-corrupt+ible.  What 
other  part  of  speech  is  '  corrupt '  besides  an  adjective  ?  What  part  of 
speech  is  it  in  the  sentence  "evU  communications  corrupt  good  man- 


TEM'PUS  (TEMP' ORIS),  time. 
Root  used :  Temper-. 

1.  Temporal:  tempor  +  al^relatingto  time;  hence,  not  everlasting. 

2.  Temporary:  tempor+ary= lasting  only  for  a  brief  time. 

3.  Contemporary:  con-l-tempor  +  ary=o/^6  who  (ary)  lives  in  the 

same  time  (tempus)  witli  (con)  another. 

4.  Temperance:  from  tempus  through  the  French  temperance;  lit- 

eral meaning,  the  state  of  being  well  timsd  as  to  one's  habits. 
Definition:  moderation. 

5.  Extemporaneous:    ex  +  temporane(us)-hous=produced    at    the 

time. 

6.  Temporize:  tempor-fize=todo  as  the  times  do;  hence,  to  yield 

to  the  current  of  opinion. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Give  the  opposite  of  'temporal.'  Ans.  Eternal.  Illustrate  these  two 
words  by  a  sentence  from  the  Bible.  Ans.  *'The  things  which  aro 
seen  are  temporal ;  but  the  things  which  are  not  seen  are  eternal. " 


ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES   FROM  LATIN.  85 

(2.)  Give  the  opposite  of  temporary.  Ans.  'Permanent.'  What  is  meant 
by  the  "  temporary  government  of  a  city  ?  "  Give  a  synonym  of  tem- 
porary. Ans.  'Transitory.'  Would  you  say  that  "man  is  z,  tempo- 
rary being  "  or  a  "  transitory  being"  ? 

(3.)  Compose  a  sentence  illustrating  the  use  of  the  word  'contemporary.' 
Model — "Shakespeare,  Lord  Bacon,  and  Queen  Elizabeth  were  con- 
temporaries.'''' What  adjective  corresponds  to  the  noun  '  contempora- 
ry"?   Ans.   'Contemporaneous.' 

(4.)  State  the  distinction  between  'temperance'  and  'abstinence.'  Make  up 
a  sentence  showing  the  use  of  the  two  words. 

(5.)  What  is  meant  by  an  '•'' extemporaneo2is  speech"  ? 

(6.)  What  is  one  who  temporizes  sometimes  called  ?    Ans.  A  itme-server. 


a»  WORD-ANALYSia 


V.  DERIVATIVES  AKD  DEFIOTTIOlSrS. 

^  To  the  Teacher : — The  previous  lessons  illustrate  the  method 
of  utilizing  the  study  of  word-analysis  by  exercises  on  the  use  of 
words,  their  synonyms,  opposites,  etc.  In  the  following  lessons  the 
analysis  and  definitions  alone  are  given ;  but  it  will  be  found  prof- 
itable to  continue  the  same  method  of  practical  exercises  illustra- 
tive of  the  actual  use  of  the  words.  Teachers  should  encourage 
pupils,  in  writing  model  sentences,  to  take  up  facts  of  geography, 
history,  etc.,  and  should  discourage  flat  moralizings. 

^^^^■"^(-^'^     ^^'^EO^',  to  go,  to  yield. 
Roots  used :  cede-  and  ceed-. 

Accede  :  ac  (form  of  ad)  +  cede = to  go  to  ;  hence  to  assent  to ;  to 
yield. 

Recede  :  re  +  cede=to  go  hack  ;  hence,  to  retreat. 

Intercede:  inter  +  cede = to  go  hetween^  in  the  way  of  mediating. 

Concede:  con + cede = to  go  with;  that  is,  to  unite  with  in  opin- 
ion; hence,  to  allow,  to  admit. 

Precede  :  pre  +  cede = to  go  hefore,  as  regards  time  or  rank. 

Exceed:  ex+CQQdi=to  go  hey ond. 

Proceed:  i^Yo+CQQdi:=io  go  forward. 

Succeed  :  sue  (fonn  of  «w&)+ceed=to  go  after  or  in  place  of ;  hence, 
to  follow.     Derivative  sense  :  to  prosper. 

OA'PIO  (CAPTUM),  to  take. 
Roots  used :  ceive-,  cept-,  and  ception-. 

Receive:  re+ceive— to  take  hach  ;  hence,  to  obtaki. 

Conceive:  con  +  ceive = to  take  within  the  mind;  hence,  to  im- 
agine, to  comprehend. 

Perceive:  per + ceive = to  take  in  through  the  sense  of  sight; 
hence,  to  see,  to  discern. 

Deceive  :  de+ ceive = to  take  or  lead/r^m  the  right;  hence,  to  mis- 
lead. 

Preconceive:  pre + con + ceive = to  conceive  beforehand. 


DERIVATIVES  AND  DEFINITIONS.    *  8T 

Accept  :  ac  +  cept=to  take  to  one's  self;  hence,  to  receive. 

Intercept:  inter +cept=: to  take  midway;  hence,  to  stop  on  the 
passage. 

Precept  :  pre +  cept= something  taken  hefore^  in  the  way  of  instruc- 
tion. 

Except,  «?.:  ex  +  cept=to  take  out;  to  exempt. 

Reception:  re  +  ception=the  act  of  taking;  hence,  a  receiving. 

Conception  :  con  +  ception=:the  act  of  conceiving  or  apprehending ; 
hence,  an  opinion,  a  thought. 

Perception:  per+ception=the  act  of  perceiving,  also  something 
perceived. 

Inception  :  in+ception=the  taking  a  step  in  a  thing;  hence,  a  be- 
ginning. 

CAE'D&i^  (caesum),  to  cut. 

Roots  used :  cide-  and  cise-. 

Decide:  de-l-cide=to  cut  6>j^.  Derivative  sense:  to  bring  to  a 
conclusion. 

Concise:  con + cise = cut  closely  {con  is  here  merely  intensive,  and  is 
best  represented  by  closely).  Derivative  sense:  brief, 
short. 

Excise:  ex + cise = something  cut  out;  hence,  something  taken  out 
as  duty  or  tax. 

Precise:  pre+.cise=cut  o^  in  front;  hence,  exact,  definite. 

Decision:  de + cise + ion = act  of  cutting  off;  hence,  final  judg- 
ment. 

Excision:  ex + cise + ion = act  of  cutting  (?w^. 

Incision:  in-t-cise-j-ion=act  of  cutting  in. 

Precision:  pre+cise-i-ion=state  of  being  precise  (see  literal  mean- 
ing of  precise,  abo'oe). 

OLI'NO,  to  bend  or  incline. 

Root  used :  cline-. 

Decline:  de+ cline = to  bend  downward;    hence,  to  fall  away; 

also,  to  refuse. 
Recline:  re-feline— to  bend  back. 
Incline:  in 4- cline = to  lean  or  bend  to. 


88  WORD-ANALYSI^- 

OLU  DO,  to  shut,  to  close. 
Root  used :  elude-. 

Exclude:  ey+ eludes  to  shut  out;  hence,  to  debar. 

Preclude  :  pre + chides  to  close  hefore  a  person,  in  the  way  of  pre- 
venting or  hindering. 

Conclude:  con + elude = to  close  completely ;  hence,  to  bring  to  an 
end. 

Include:  in  +  elude = to  shut  in;  hence,  to  embrace,  to  comprise. 

Seclude:  se-i-clude=to  shut  aside  or  away ;  hence,  to  separate. 

FA'CIO  (FACTUM),  to  do  or  make. 

Roots  used :  fact-,  feet-,  and  ficient-. 

Fact:  from  facti^m= something  ^6>?ie. 

Benefactor:    bene  +  fact  +  or = one  who   does  well;   a  well-doer. 

Bene^  well. 
Malefactor:  male  +  fact  +  or = one  who  does  ill.     Male^  ill. 
Satisfaction:    satis  +  fact  +  ion = the  act  of  doing  enough  {satis^ 

enough);  hence,  that  which  satisfies. 
Affect:  af  (forni  of  a<^)  +fect=to  make  to;  hence,  to  aim  at  or 

put  on.     Also  to  make  an  impression  (literally,  to  do  to). 
Effects  ef  (form  of  ex)  +fect=to  do  out  and  out;  hence,  to  accom- 
plish. 
Defect:  de  + feet— something  away  from,  being  done,  that  is,  left 

undone;  hence,  a  lack  or  fault. 
Infect:  in4-fect=to  make  m,  as  a  taint  or  poison;  hence,  to  taint 

with. 
Perfect'  id.:  per  +  feet = to   make   thoroughly.     Perfect,   a,   made 

thoroughly. 
Efficient  :  ef  (form  of  ex)  +  ficient =having  the  quality  of  making 

completely. 
Deficient  :  de  +  ficientrr having  the  quality  of  being  undone ;  hence, 

faulty. 
Proficient  :  pro -|-ficient=: having  the  quality  of  making  forward; 


hence,  advanced. 


\ 

\ 

\ 
\ 


DERIVATIVES  AND  DEFINITIOJiSr-^  89 

FBR'Rfe,  to  bear  or  carry. 
Root  used:  fer-. 

Pkoffer  :  pro  (with  the  /  in  fer  doubled,  on  account  of  the  accent 
being  on  the  first  syllable)  +f or=to  bear  'before  one,  in  the  way 
of  offering  ;  hence,  to  offer. 

Offer:  of  (formof  <?&)  -hfer=tobear  or  bring  'before  ;  hence  to  pre- 
sent. 

Suffer:  suf  (form  of  sub)  +fer=ito  bear  up  under ;  hence,  to  en- 
dure. 

Prefer:  pre4-fer=to  carry  in  addance ;   hence,  to  choose  before. 

Defer:  de4-fer=to  put  off ;  hence,  to  delay. 

Refer:  re  +  fer=to  carry  baclc^  for  consultation. 

Confer:  con+fer=to  brhig  togetlier^  in  the  way  of  consultation. 

Differ  :  dif  (a  form  of  dis)  +  f er=:to  bear  apart ;  tliat  is,  to  be  un- 
like in  opinion,  form  or  quantity. 

Transfer:  trans +  fer:=  to  bear  or  carry  o^^?*  to  another;  hence,  to 
convey. 

FUN^DO  (FUSUM),  to  pour,  to  melt. 
Root  used:  fuse-. 

Confuse:  con  +  fuse=to  pour  or  mix  together;  hence,  to  disorder, 
to  make  indistinct. 

Diffuse  :  dif  (f3!fm  of  dis)  -f  f use=to  pour  apart ;  hence,  to  spread, 
to  disseminate. 

Infuse:  in4-fuse=to  pour  into  ;  hence,  to  instill,  to  inspire. 

Profuse:  pro+fuse=poured  forth  lavishly;  hence,  superabun- 
dant. 

Suffuse  :  suf  (form  of  sub)  4-f use=to  pour  under  a  surface ;  hence, 
to  overspread. 

Circumfuse:  circum  +  fuse=to  pour  around^  as  a  fluid. 

GRA^DlSfe  (GRESSUS),  to  go  step  by  step. 
Roots  used :  grade  and  gress-. 

Degrade:  de  +  grade=to  go  down^  step  by  step;  hence,  to  deprive 
of  rank. 

Retrograde:  retro  +  grade = to  go  backwards;  hence,  to  fall  bo- 
hind. 


90  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Aggkession  :  ag  (form  of  ad)  +gress4-ion=the  act  of  going  to  or 

towards,  with  hostile  intent. 
Digress  :  di  +  gress=:to  go  aside  or  astray  from  the  subject. 
Egress:  e  +  gressrra  going  ot^^. 
Ingress:  inH-gress=a  going  in. 
Progress:  pr  o+gress=:  a  going  forward. 
Transgress  :  trans4-gress=a  going  omr  lawful  limits  or  bounds. 


Root  used:  ject-. 

Abject:  ab4-ject=cf.st  atcai/;  hence,  low,  wretched. 

Deject:  de+ject=to  cast  down;  hence,  to  dishearten. 

Eject:  e+ject=rto  cast  out;  to  expel. 

Project:  pro  +  ject  ==  to  cast  forward;  that  is,  to  forecast ;  hence,  to 
plan,  to  devise. 

Reject:  re+ject=to  cast  hacJc;  that  is,  to  throw  away,  to  refuse. 

Subject'',  v.  :  sub  + ject=to  cast  under  ;  hence,  to  subdue,  to  enslave. 

Object',  v.  :  ob+ject=to  throw  before,  or  in  front  of;  hence,  to  op- 
pose. 

Inject  :  in4-ject=to  throw  in ;  to  infuse 

LE^ob^  (LECTUM),  to  gather,  or  choose. 
Root  used :  lect-. 

Collect  :  col  (form  of  con)  +  lect = to  gather  together. 

Elect  :  e+lect=to  choose  out  from  among  a  number. 

Intellect  :  intel  (form  of  inter)  -f  lect = that  which  chooses  between 
(inter)  things. 

Recollect:  re-t-col  +  lect=to  collect  again  (re)  ideas  or  impres- 
sions :  hence,  to  remember. 

Select  :  se4-lect=to  choose  apart  from  another. 

LU'DO  (LUSUM),  to  play. 

Roots  used:  lude-  and  lus-. 

Allude:  al  (form  of  ad)  +lude=to  play  to;  that  is,  to  hint  at 

playfully ;  hence,  to  refer  to. 
Delude  :  de-+-lude=to  play  off;  hence,  to  deceive. 
Elude  :  eH-lude=to  play  out ;  hence,  to  escape,  to  avoid. 
Prelude:  pre +lude= that  which  comes  "before  the  play. 


DERIVATIVES  AND  DEFINITIONS. 

Interlude:  inter +lude= that  which  comes  letween  the  acts  of  a 

play. 
Allusion:  al  +  lus+ion=act  of  alluding. 
Delusion:  de +  1us+ ion = act  of  deluding;  hence,  deception. 

MIT'TO  (MISSUM),  to  send. 

Roots  used :  mit-,  mise-,  and  miss-. 

Admit:  ad-l-mit=to  send  to,  that  is,  to  allow  to  enter;  hence,  to 
concede. 

Commit:  com  (form  of  con)  +mit=to  send  with  another;  hence,  to 
deliver  in  charge. 

Permit  :  per  +  mit = to  send  through;  hence,  to  allow  to  pass  through; 
to  allow. 

Submit:  sub  +  mit = to  send  or  put  under ;  hence,  to  jdeld. 

Remit:  re  +  mit = to  send  hack ;  'also,  to  abate. 

Intermit:  intern- mit  =: to  send  or  allow  to  ^s^^^  "between ;  hence  to 
suspend. 

Surmise:  sur  +  mise=to  send  under;  that  is,  under  conjecture; 
hence,  to  suspect,  to  imagine. 

Premise:  pre  +  mise = to  send  or  state  before;  that  is,  to  state  pre* 
viously. 

Pro' mise:  pro  +  mise = literally,  to  send  beforehand;  hence,  to  give 
one's  word. 

Remission:  re + miss H- ion = the  act  of  remitting;  hence,  abatement. 

Intermission:  inter  +  miss + ion = the  act  of  intermitting;  hence 
cessation. 

Emission:  e  +  miss  +  ion = the  act  of  emitting;  hence,  the  sending 
out. 

Permission:  per+miss4-ion=the  act  of  permitting;  hence,  allow- 
ance. 

Commission  :  com  (form  of  con)  +miss  +  ion=the  act  of  committing, 
or  that  which  is  committed. 

Admission:  ad + miss + ion = the  act  of  admitting  or  fact  of  en- 
trance. 

Missive:  miss  +  ive=that  which  is  sent;  hence,  a  written  message. 

Missile  :  miss  -h  ile = that  which  is  sent  or  thrown ;  hence,  a  projectile. 

MissiQNARY :  miss+ion  +  ary=one  who  is  sent  on  a  religious  mission. 


93  WORD- ANALYSIS. " 

MO'VBO  (MOTUM),  to  move. 
Roots  used:  move-  and  mot-. 

Remove:  re + move = to  move  again;  hence,  to  displace. 

Movement:  move +ment= act  of  moving. 

Motive  :  mot+ive=having  the  power  to  move ;  hence,  an  induce- 
ment. 

Emotion  :  e+mot+ion=:a  moving  out  of  the  feelings ;  hence,  strong 
feeling. 

Commotion:  com  (form  of  con)  +mot+ion=::a  mo^dng  together ; 
hence,  agitation,  tumult. 

Pkomotion:  pro h- mot + ion = a  moving  forward;  hence,  advance- 
ment. 

Promotive:  pro + mot +ive— tending  to  promote. 

Movables:  mo ve  +  able  (with  the  plural  s)  =  literally,  tilings  that 
may  be  moved  ;  hence,  goods. 


PEL'LO.  (PULSUM),  to  drive. 
Roots  used  :  pel-  and  puis-. 

Expel:  ex  +  pel = to  drive  out\  hence,  to  dismiss,  to  banish. 

Impel:  im  (form  of  in)  +pel=to  drive  into  anything;  hence,  to 
urge. 

Compel  :  com  (form  of  con)  +pel=to  drive  together  or  forcibly  {con 
is  intensive) ;  hence,  to  oblige. 

liEPEL:  re +  pel=to  drive  &<:i^c^. 

Propel  :  pro  +  pel = to  drive  forward. 

Dispel  :  dis  +  pel=to  drive  apart  or  away ;  to  disperse. 

Expulsion:  ex-l-puls-l-ion=:act  of  expelling  or  driving  out;  eject- 
ment. 

Compulsion:  com+puls+ion=:act  of  compelling;  force. 

Repulsion:  re h- puis + ion = act  of  driving  back;  state  of  being 
diiven  back. 

Propulsion:  pro + puis +sion= act  of  driving  forward. 

Compulsory:  com + puis -hory= having  the  quality  of  compelling  or 
forcibly  urging. 

Repulsive:  re+puls-j-ive=having  the  quality  of  repelling. 


A 


DERIVATIVES  AND   DEFINITIONS. 

PEN'DEO  (PENSUIVG^,  to  hang. 
Roots  used :  pend-  and  pens-. 


Append:  ap  (form  or  ad)  +pendr=to  hang  to-^  hence,  to  attach,  to 

subjoin. 
Depend:  de  +  pencl=to  hang  down  from  ;  hence,  to  rely  on. 
Impend  :  im  (form  of  in)  +  pend = to  hang  upon  or  overhang ;  hence, 

to  be  about  to  be. 
Suspend:  sus  (fjovm.  oi.  sub)  +pend=:to  hang  up;  hence,  also,  to 

stop,  to  cease. 
Suspension  :  sus  +  pens  +  ion= state  of  being  Tiung  up  in  uncertainty. 
Propensity  :  pro  +  j)ens  +  ity— condition  of  hanging  or  leaning /or- 

ward  towards ;  hence,  inclination,  disposition. 
Pendent:  pend+ent=:hangm^  from  above. 
Pendulum  :  from  pendeo  through  the  Latin  pendulus,  hanging  or 

swinging.     Definition  :  a  body  suspended  so  as  to  ST\dng 

freely  to  and  fro. 

PO'N(i(  (POSrrUM),  to  lay,  put,  or  place. 
Roots  used :  pon-,  pose-,  and  posit- 

Compose:  com+pose=to  put  or  set  together ;  hence,  to  arrange,  to 

bring  into  form  and  order. 
Depose  :  de-hpose=to  put  down,  that  is,  down  from  office ;  hence, 

to  degrade ;  also,  to  lay  down  testimony. 
Interpose:  inter+pose=to  put  hetween ;  hence,  to  intercede. 
Oppose:  op  (form  of  oh)  +pose=to  put  against;  hence,  to  resist. 
Dispose  :  dis+pose=:to  put  apart,  that  is,  each  of  a  number  of 

thirds  apart  or  in  proper  order. 
Impose:  im4-pose=to  lay  or  put  on,  as  a  burden  or  tax;  also,  in 

general,  to  cheat. 
Exposp:  ex+pose  =  to  put  out  to  view;  also,  to  make  liable. 
Repose  :  re+pose=to  put  tack,  as  to  rest ;  hence,  to  lay  at  rest. 
Transpose:  trans+pose=:to  i^wt  over ;  hence,  to  change  the  place 

of  things. 
Propose:  pro+pose=to  put  &^(9r6;  hence,  to  offer  for  considera- 
tion. 
Suppose  :  sup  (form  of  suh)  -f- pose = to  put  or  place  under  ;  that  is, 

to  put  as  a  tasis  of  argument. 
Component:  com  +  pon-fent=putting  or  laying  together;  hence, 

constituting?. 


01  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Deponent:  cle  +  pon-|-ent=one  who  lays  down  testimony. 

Opponent:  op  (form  of  ob)  +pon  +  ent=one  who  puts  himself 
against  {pb)  another. 

Exponent:  ex+pon  +  ent=that  which  puts  out  to  view;  that  is, 
which  shows  or  indicates. 

Imposition:  im  (form  of  i?i)  +  posit -i-ion=act  of  imposing,  either 
as  a  tax  or  a  trick. 

Composition:  com  (form  of  con)  +  posit + ion = act  of  putting  to- 
gether ;  a  thing  composed. 

Juxtaposition:  juxta+ posit +ion= act  of  putting  side  hy  side; 
hence,  a  placing  near. 

Disposition:  dis + posit + ion = act  of  disposing;  hence,  arrange- 
ment ;  also  frame  of  mind. 

Preposition:  pre + posit + ion = a  word  placed  before  another  to 
show  its  relation  with  some  other  word. 

Proposition:  pro + posit + ion = something  put  he/ore  one  for  con- 
sideration. 

Postpone  :  from  post,  after  or  off,  and  pono  ;  literally  to  put  off  ; 
that  is,  to  delay. 

Comi^osure:  conn- pose +ure estate  of  being  composed  in  mind; 
hence,  tranquillity. 


^ 


GREEK  DERIVATIVES. 


95 


Part  III. 


L— GREEK  DERIVATIVES. 
^^J^/f^tly&Ki    ^OGY,  a  description  or  science. 

ff  [From  the  Greek  log'os,  a  speech  or  account.] 

Anthropo 

Astro 

Chrono 

Ethno 

Entomo 

Geo 

Mytho 

Phreno 

Techno 

Zoo 

1.  Anthropology:  Anthropo,  irom.  anthropos,  man = the  science  of 

man.  Definition  :  the  science  of  man  as  an  object  of  natu- 
ral history.  The  science  of  the  intellectual  or  spiritual  part 
of  man  is  called  psychology — from  psyche,  the  soul. 

2.  Astrology:  Astro,  from  astron,  the  stars=the  science  of  the 

stars. 


^logy. 


Obs.  The  word  now  used  to  denote  the  science  of  the  stars  is 
astronomy  {nomos,  a  law).  Astrology  was  the  name  for  As- 
trology in  its  infancy,  during  the  Middle  Ages,  when  it  was 
supposed  that  future  events  could  be  foretold  by  reading  the 
stars. 


3.  Chronology:  chrono,  from  cJironos,  time=the  science  of  time. 

Definition  :  the  science  of  measuring  and  computing  time, 
and  assigning  events  their  proper  dates. 

4.  Ethnology  :  Ethno,  from  ethnos,  a  race  or  nation=the  science  of 

races.     Definition  :  the  science  which  treats  of  the  division 
of  men  into  racee,  and  the  various  characteristics  of  the  races. 


96  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

5.  Entomology:  Entomo,  from  entomon,  an  insect^tliat  part  of 

natural  history  which  treats  of  insects. 

6.  Geology:    geo,  from  ge,  the  earth=th3  science  of  the  earth.     De- 

finition :  the  science  which  treats  of  the  structure  and  mine- 
ral constitution  of  the  globe,  the  causes  of  its  physical  features 
and  its  history. 

7.  Mythology  :  mytho,  from  mythos,  a  fable  or  myth = the  science 

of  myths.  Definition  :  a  treatise  C)n  myths  or  a  system  of 
myths. 

8.  Phrenology:  pJireno^  from  pliren,  the  mind  =:Z^^€7•«%f» the  sci- 

ence of  the  mind.  Definition  :  the  theory  that  the  mental 
faculties  are  shown  on  the  surface  of  the  skull. 

9.  Technology  :  techno^  from  techne,  an  art = that  branch  of  knowl- 

edge which  treats  of  the  useful  arts. 

10.  Zoology:  zoo^  from  zoon,  an  animal z=  that  part  of  natural  histo- 

ry which  treats  of  the  classification  and  structure  of  animals, 
in  general. 

GRAPHY,  a  wi'iting  or  a  description. 

[From  the  Greek  graph'o,  to  write.] 

Bio 

Chiro 

Geo 

Litho    \  graphy. 

Ortho 

Photo 

Steno    J 

1.  Biography:  "bio^  fi-om  Mos,  life=a  writing  or  account  of  a  per- 

son's life. 

2.  Chirography  :  chiro,  from  cheir,  hand=hand- writing. 

3.  Geography:  geo,  from  ge,  the  earths  a  description  of  the  earth. 

4.  Lithography  :  litho,  from  lithos,  a  stones  the  art  of  engraving 

on  stone. 

5.  Orthography:  ortTio,  from  orthos,  right  or  correct =coiTect  writ- 

ing of  words.     Definition  :  the  art  of  spelling. 

6.  Photography:  photo,  from  phos  (photos),  lights: the  art  of  pro- 

ducing pictures  by  the  action  of  light  on  chemically  prepared 
surfaces. 

7.  Stenography:  steno,  from  stenos,  close=the  art  of  chse,  or  short- 

hand writing. 


GREEK  DERIVATIVES.  97 


>r 


THESIS,  a  putting  or  placing. 
[The  Greek  word  for  putting  is  the'sis.  ] 

Anti    1 

HyP«  '^thesis. 
Paren  f 

Syn     J 

1.  Antithesis:  anU,  against;  hence,:  literally,  a  putting  against. 

Definition  :  an  opposition  of  words  or  sentiments  occurring 
in  the  same  sentence. 

2.  Hypothesis  :  liy'po^  a  Greek  prefix  meaning  under ;  hence,  liter- 

ally, a  placing  under = a  position  assumed  as  the  lasis  of  an 
argument. 

3.  Parenthesis  :  paren,  in  beside — Whence,  literally,  a  placing  in 

beside.  Definition  :  a  word  or  sentence  inserted  by  way  of 
explanation  within  another  sentence. 

4.  Synthesis  :  syn,  Greek  prefix  'signifying  with  or  together  (the 

same  as  the  Latin  con)  :  liter.il  meaning,  a  placing  together. 
Definition  :  in  chemistry,  tha  uniting  of  elements  to  form  a 
compound ;  in  logic,  the  combination  of  separate  elements  of 
thought  into  a  whole. 

EXERCISE. 

(1. )  Compose  an  example  of  an  antithesis,  or  give  any  of  the  following : 
"The  prodigal  robs  his  heir;  the  miser  robs  himself. ^^ 
"  A  wit  with  dunces  and  a  dunce  with  wits." 
*' Though  deep,  yet  clear,  though  gentle,  yet  not  dull, 
Strong  without  rage,  without  o'erflowing,  full." 
(2.)  Give  an  adjective  formed  from  the  noun  'hypothesis.'    Ans.  Hypothet- 
ical.   What  Latin  derivative  corresponds  literally  to  hypothesis  ?   Ans. 
Supposition.     Show  this.     A7is.  Supposition  is  composed  of  sub=hypo 
(under),  and  position  (from  pono,  to  place) = thesis,  a  placing.     What 
adjective  from  supposition  would  correspond  to  hypothetical  ?    Arts. 
*  Supposititious.' 
(3. )  What  are  the  marks  of  a  parenthesis  ?    Compose  a  parenthetical  sen- 
tence. 
(4.)  What  is  the  opposite  of  synthesis  ?    Ans.  Anabjsis.    Give  the  distinction, 
Ans.  Analysis  is  taking  apart ;  synthesis  is  putting  together.     What 
adjective  is  derived  from  the  noun  synthesis  ?    Ans.  Synthetical 
5 


98  ^        WOKD-ANALYSIS. 

AGOGfrUE,  a  leader  or  guide. 

[From  the  Greek  agogos,  a  leader.] 

Dem  ) 

Ped   [^g^S^e- 

1.  Demagogue  :  dem,  from  demos,  the  people.    Literal  meaning:  a 

leader  of  the  people.     Definition  :  a  panderer  to  popular 

prejudices. 
i2.  Pedagogue:  ped,   from  a  Greek  word  meaning  boy.     Literal 

meaning:   a  guide  of  boys.    Definition:  1.  a  teacher  of 

youth ;  2.  a  pedant. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  adjective  is  formed  from  demagogue?  Ans.  Demagogic  or  dema- 
gogical. Define  it.  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  dema- 
gogue. Model — "Aaron  Burr  to  gain  popularity  practised  the  arts  of 
2i,  demagogue.'''' 

(2.)  What  adjective  is  formed  from  pedagogue?  Ans.  Pedagogic.  What 
would  the  '■'' pedagogic  art "  mean  ?  Is  pedagogue  usually  employed  in 
its  first  or  its  second  sense  ?  Its  second.  In  this  sense  would  the 
word  be  complimentary  or  not  ?  Give  a  synonym  of  pedagogue  in  its 
literal  sense.     Ans.  A  teacher,  an  instructor. 

ANTHROPY,  man  or  mankind. 
[From  the  Greek  anthropos,  a  man.] 


Phil 
Mis 


t  anthropy. 


1.  Philanthkopy  :  phil,  from  pMlos,  a  friend  or  lover.     Literal 

meaning :  a  love  of  mankind.     Definition  :  universal  good 
will. 

2.  Misanthrophy  :  mis,  from  misos,  hatred.     Literal  meaning  and 

definition :  hatred  of  mankind. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  is  the  noun  meaning  one  who  loves  mankind?  Ans.  'Philan- 
thropist.' What  does  the  suffix  ist  mean  ?  What  is  the  adjective  sig- 
nifying having  the  quality  of  loving  mankind  ?  A7is.  '  Philanthropic ' 
or  '  philanthropical. '  Compose  a  sentence  containing  '  philanthrophy ' 
or  one  of  the  allied  words.  Model — "  John  Howard,  one  of  the  most 
fsLTnons  philanthropists  that  ever  lived,  was  the  first  person  to  improve, 
the  condition  of  prisoners." 


? 


GREEK  DERIVATIVES.  99 

(2. )  What  is  the  opposite  of  philanthropist  ?  What  is  the  opposite  of  phil- 
anthropic ?  What  other  form  is  sometimes  used  equivalent  to  misan- 
thropist?   Ans.  Misanthrope.     Compose  a  sentence  containing  this 


word. 


ARCHY,  government. 

[From  the  Greek  arche,  government.] 

An     ^ 

Mon 

Olig 


Mon  I        , 
>  arcny. 


Hep^tJ 


1.  Anarchy:  an,  a  Greek  prefix  meaning  want  of.     Literal  mean- 

ing :  want  of  government.     Definition  :  1.  a  state  of  society 
where  there  is  no  law  ;  2.  confusion  in  general. 

2.  Monarchy  :  mon,  from  monos,  one.     Literal  meaning :  the  gov- 

ernment of  one.     Definition  :  a  government  in  which  su- 
preme power  is  held  by  one  person. 

3.  OLfGARCHY :  olig,  from  oligos,  few.     Literal  meaning :  the  gov- 

ernment by  a  few.     Definition  :  a  form  of  government  in 
which  supreme  power  is  held  by  a  few. 

4.  Heptarchy:    hept,  from  Jiepta,  seven.     Definition:  a  govern- 

ment by  seven  persons. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Give  the  word  to  denote  one  who  attempts  to  produce  anarchy.  Ans. 
Anarchist.  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  anarchy.  Model 
— ''Many  of  the  South  American  States  have  long  been  cursed  by  an- 
archy.'''' 

(3. )  What  adjective  is  formed  from  monarchy  ?  An^.  Monarchical.  Define 
it.  Can  you  mention  a  country  at  present  ruled  by  a  monarchical 
government  ?     What  is  the  ruler  of  a  monarchy  called  ? 

(3.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  oligarchy.  Model — "  During 
the  Middle  Ages  some  of  the  Italian  republics,  as  Genoa  and  Venice, 
were  under  the  rule  of  an  oligarchy.'''' 

(4. )  What  can  you  say  of  the  word  heptarchy  ?  Ans.  It  is  commonly  applied 
to  England  during  the  time  when  it  was  divided  into  seven  kingdoms. 

CRACY,  government. 
[Prom  the  Greek  kra'tos,  power,  rule.] 
Demo  / 


Demo  / 


100   ^  WORD  ANALYSIS. 

1.  Democracy:  demo^  from  demos,  the  people.     Literal  meaning: 

the  government  by  the  people.  Definition:  a  republic  or 
popular  government. 

2.  Aristocracy  :  aristo,  from  wristos,  the  best,  the  nobility.    Literal 

meaning :  a  government  of  the  best.  Definition  :  that  form 
of  government  in  which  supreme  power  is  with  a  privileged 
order. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  adjective  is  formed  from  democracy?  Arts.  Democratic.  Is 
Russia  at  present  a  democracy  ?  Can  you  mention  any  ancient  gov- 
ernments that  for  a  time  were  demo(?racies  ?    Ans.  Greece  and  Rome. 

(2.)  What  adjective  is  formed  from  aristocracy?  What  noun  will  denote 
one  who  believes  in  aristocracy?  Ana.  Aristocrat.  •  What  does 
'  aristocrat '  ordinarily  mean  ?  Ans.  A  proud  or  haughty  person  who 
holds  himself  above  the  common  people. 

DOX,  an  opinion. 
[From  the  Greek  dox'a,  an  opinion.  ]  , 

Hetero  ) 

1.  Orthodox  :  ortho,  from  orthos,  right.     Literal  meaning  :  correct 

in  opinion.  Definition  :  sound  in  the  received  faith — op- 
posed to  heretical. 

2.  Heterodox  :  lietero,  from  heteros,   other.     Literal  meaning :  of 

another  opinion.  Definition  :  holding  opinions  contrary  to 
an  acknowledged  standard. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  noun  is  formed  from  the  adjective  'orthodox,'  meaning  condition 
of  being  orthodox  ?     Ans.   '  Orthodoxy. ' 

(2.)  What  noun  is  formed  from  the  adjective  heterodox,  meaning  the  same 
as  heresy?  Ans.  'Heterodoxy.'  A  person  once  described  the  two 
by  saying    that    "orthodoxy   is    my    'doxy' and    heterodoxy    your 


'doxy,' 


GAMY,  marriage. 

[From  the  Greek  ga'mos,  marriage.] 

Mono  ) 

Bi        Y  gamy. 


Poly   \ 


GREEK  DERIVATIVES.  .  101 

1.  Monogamy:  mono,  from.  mo?ws,  sole,  single.     Definition*  mar- 

riage to  one  wife  only. 

2.  Bigamy  :  1)1,  from  Latin  Ms,  double.     Definition  :  marriage  to 

two  wives. 

3.  Polygamy  :  poly,  from  polus,  many ;  marriage  to  a  plurality  of 

wives. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  noun  is  formed  from  'monogamy,'  meaning  a  person  who  believes 

in  marriage  to  but  one  wife  ?    Ans.  Monogamist. 
(2.)  What  noun  is  formed  from   'bigamy,'  meaning  a  person  who  has  two 

wives  at  a  time  ?     Ans.  Bigamist. 
(8. )  What  noun  means   a  person  with  a  plurality  of  wives  ?    Polygamist. 

Name  an  Asiatic  country  in  which  polygamy  is  practised.     Name  an 

American  section  where  polygamy  is  practised. 


METER,  a  measure. 
[From  the  Greek  met'ron,  a  measure.  ] 

Thermo* 

ChroSio 

Dia 

Anemo 

Photo 

Kygro 


meter. 


1.  Thermometer:  thermo,  from  therme,  heat^Si  measure  of  heat; 

hence,  an  instrument  for  measuring  temperature. 

2.  Chronometer  :  chrono,  from  chronos,  time=a  measure  of  time. 

Definition  :  a  portable  time-keeper,  constructed  for  greater 
accuracy  than  is  possessed  by  a  watch  or  clock. 

3.  Diameter  :  dia,  a  Greek  prefix  signifying  through  ;  hence,  literal- 

ly, a  measure  through.     Definition  :  the  length  of  a  straight 
line  through  the  centre  of  an  object  from  side  to  side. 

4.  Anemometer  :  anemo,  from  anemos,  the  wind = a  wind  measure; 
"-       an- instrument  for  measuring  the  force  and  velocity  of  the 

wind. 

5.  Photometer  :  photo,  from  photos,  lights  an  instrument  for  meas- 

uring the  relative  intensities  of  light. 


103  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

^  EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Give  an  adjective  formed  from  Hhermometer.'     A7is.  Thermometric. 

Compose  a  sentence  using  the  word  thermometer,  and  describing  what 

a  thermometer  usually  contains. 
(2. )  Illustrate  the  meaning  of  *  chronometer '  by  using  it  in  a  sentence. 
(3. )  What  adjective  is  formed  from  diameter '?     Aiis.  Diametrical.     What 

adverb  is  formed  from  diametrical  V     What  is  meant  by  the  expression 

'"''diametrically  opposed"  ? 

NOMY,  a  law  or  science. 

[From  the  Greek  no'mos,  a  law.] 

Astro    ^ 

Eco       >  nomy. 

Gastro  ) 

1.  AsTBONOMY :  ast7*0j  from  asti'on,  a  star = the  science  of  the  stars 

or  heavenly  bodies. 

2.  Economy:  eco,  from  oihos,  a  house.     Literal  meaning:  the  law 

or  rule   of  a  house.     Definition:  thrifty  house-keeping; 
thrift  in  general. 

3.  Gastronomy  :  gastro,  from  g aster,  the  stomach = the  science  of  th^ 

stomach ;  hence,  the  art  or  science  of  good  eating. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  science  was  the  forerunner  of  astronomy?  Ans.  Astrology. 
What  word  denotes  one  who  is  skilled  in  astronomy  ?  Form  an  adjec- 
tive from  astronomy.  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  as- 
tronomy. Model — "  The  three  great  founders  of  astronomy  are 
Copernicus,  Kepler,  and  Newton." 

(2.)  What  adjective  is  formed  from  economy?  Give  two  synonyms.  Arts. 
Thrifty,  frugal.  What  distinguished  American  of  last  century  was 
famous  for  advocating  economy?  What  does  "political  economy'* 
mean?.  A7is.  The  science  of  national  wealth.  What  word  denotes 
economy  carried  too  far  ?    Arts.  Parsimony. 

(3.)  What  part  of  speech  is  'gastronomic,'  and  what  does  it  mean?  What 
word  denotes  one  who  pays  great  attention  to  eating  ?  A  gastronome 
or  gastronomer.     Give  a  synonym.     Ans.  An  epicurean. 

y  ^ s^^^      SberC)  vio^^nng  or  oboorving. 

/  J  [From  the  Greek  sko'peo,  to  view,  to  observe.] 

'^Z     ^        Tele    ) 

Micro  >  scope. 
Horo  ) 


GREEK  DERIVATIVES.  103 

1.  Telescope:  tele,  a  Greek  word  meaning  afar=an  instrument  for 

viewing  distant  objects. 

2.  Microscope:  mzcr^?,  from  wi^r(?5,  smalls  an  instrument  for  view- 

ing minute  objects. 
B.  Horoscope  :  horo,  from  liora,  an  hour,  and,  literally,  observing  the 
hour.  This  was  a  term  in  the  old  art  of  astrology,  and  meant 
an  observation  of  the  heavens  at  the  moment  of  a  person's 
birth,  by  which  the  astrologer  claimed  to  be  able  to  foretell 
the  events  of  his  life. 

EXERCISE. 

\,1. )  Combine  and  define  telescope  +  ic.  Compose  a  sentence  using  the  word 
telescope.  Model — ''  The  largest  telescope  in  the  world  is  in  the  pos- 
session of  Lord  Rosse." 

(2.)  Combine  and  define  microscope +  ic.  What  single  word  will  denote  mi- 
croscopic animals  ?  Ans.  Animalculee.  Compose  a  sentence  containing 
the  word  microscope.  Model — ''As  the  telescope  reveals  the  infi- 
nitely distant,  so  the  microscope  reveals  the  infinitely  little." 

(3.)  What  is  meant  by  the  sentence,  "Who  can  cast  the  horoscope  of  the 
United  States"? 

PATHY,  feeling. 
[From  the  Greek  pa'thos,  feeling,  suffering.  ] 


Anti 

A 

Sym 

Alio 

HomeoJ 


pathy. 


1.  Antipathy  :  anti,  a  Greek  prefix  meaning  against ;  hence,  liter- 

ally, a  feeling  against,  opposition  of  feeling ;  aversion. 

2.  Apathy  :  a,  a  Greek  prefix  meaning  want  of ;  hence,  literally, 

want  of  feeling. 
8.  Sympathy  :  sym,  a  Greek  prefix  meaning  with  or  togetlier ;  hence, 
literally,  a  feeling  with,  a  fellow-feeling. 

4.  Allopathy:  alio,  from  alios,  other.     Definition:  the  employ- 

ment of  medicines  to  produce  effects  other  than  those  result- 
ing from  disease. 

5.  Homeopathy:    Tiomeo,  from  a  Greek  word  meaning  the  same. 

Definition  :  the  art  of  curing  founded  on  resemblances,  that 
is,  administering  medicines  to  produce  the  same  symptoms  as 
the  disease. 


104  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

KXERCISE. 

(1.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  antipathy.  Model — *'That 
we  sometimes  have  antipathies  which  we  cannot  explain  is  well  illus- 
trated in  the  lines : 

'  I  do  not  like  you,  Dr.  Fell, 
The  reason  why  I  cannot  tell. ' " 

(2.)  What  adjective  is  formed  from  apathy  ?    Ans.  Apathetic. 

(8.)  Give  a  Latin  synonym  of  the  Greek  word  '  sympathy.'  Atis.  Compassion. 
Show  why  they  are  literal  synonyms.  Ans.  Sym=con  or  com,  and 
pathy= Latin  patior,  to  feel,  to  suffer ;  hence  compassion= sympathy. 
Give  an  English  derivative  expressing  the  same  thing.  Ans.  Fellow- 
feeling. 

GON,  an  angle. 

[From  the  Greek  go'nia,  an  angle.] 

Penta 
Hexa     , 
Hepta    ^^"^ 
Poly 

1.  Pentagon  :  a  figure  having  five  sides  and  five  angles.    Pente,  five. 

2.  Hexagon  :  a  figure  having  six  sides  and  angles.     Hex,  six. 

3.  Heptagon:  a  figure  having  seven   sides   and   angles.     Heptay 

seven. 

4.  PoLYCK)N :  a  figure  having  many  sides  and  angles.    Pblvs,  many. 

GENEOUS,  nature  or  kind. 
[From  the  Greek  gen'os,  kind.] 


Homo  ) 


1.  Homogeneous:  homo,  from  liomos,  the  same=the  same  kind. 

Definition  :  consisting  of  similar  parts  or  of  elements  of 
like  nature. 

2.  Hetekogeneous  :  Jietero,   from   Jietero8,    other = of    a    different 

kind.    Definition  :  having  imlike  parts  or  qualities. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  noun  derived  from  homogeneous  expresses  the  state  or  quality  ? 

Ans.  Homogeneity. 
(2.)  What  noun  derived  from  heterogeneous  expresses  the  state  or  quality  I 

Ans.  Heterogeneity. 


GREEK  DERIVATIVES.  105 

AUTO,  one's  self. 
[From  the  Greek  au'tos,  one's  self.] 

r  crat. 
Auto  <  graph. 
(  maton. 

1.  Autocrat  :  crat,  from  a  Greek  word  meaning  a  niler=one  who 

rules  by  himself.     Definition  :  a  despotic  ruler. 

2.  Autograph  :  graph,  from  the  Greek  for  writing = one's  own  hand- 

writing, or  one's  name  in  one's  owti  writing. 

3.  Automaton  :  maton,  from  a  Greek  word  to  move = a  seK-moving 

machine. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Form  an  adjective  from  autocrat.    Ans.  Autocratic.  .  Who  is  the  present 

"  autocrat  of  all  the  Russias"  ?    Could  the  Queen  of  England  be  called 

an  autocrat  ?    Why  not  ?• 
(2.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  'autograph.'     Model — "  There 

are  only  two  or  three  autographs  of  Shakspeare  in  existence." 
(3. )  Form  an  adjective  from  automaton.     Ans.  Automatic.     Illustrate  by  a 

sentence. 

PAN,  all,  universal. 
[From  the  Greek  pajs,  pantos^  all] 


Pan  < 


acea. 
oply. 
theism, 
theon* 
l^  orama. 


1.  Panacea  :  Ofcea,  from  a  Greek  word  meaning  to  cure = a  cure-all, 

a  universal  remedy. 

2.  Panoply:  oply,  from  oploii,  a  weapon = complete  armor. 

8.  Pantheism:  theism,  from  theos,  God = the  doctrine  thsit  the  all, 
the  universe,  is  God. 

4.  Pantheon  :  a  temple  dedicated  to  all  the  Gods  (theoi). 

5.  Panorama  :  orama,  a  Greek  word  meaning  sights  a  complete  or 

entire  view  of  some  scene  or  country.     Definition  :  a  pic- 
ture of  a  scene  exhibited  a  part  at  a  time  by  being  unrolled. 
5* 


106  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  "What  word  would  denote  a  remedy  for  "all  the  ills  that  flesh  is  heir 
to" ?     Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  yfoxdi2)anacea. 

(2.)  In  the  following  sentence  is  panoply  used  in  a  literal  or  a  figurative 
sense?  "We  had  need  to  take  the  Christian j^a^iOp^T/,  to  put  on  the 
whole  armor  of  God."  What  adjective  is  formed  froin  panoply  ?  Atis. 
Panoplied.     Define  it. 

(3.)  What  word  is  used  to  denote  one  who  believes  in  pantheism  ?  Ans. 
'  Pantheist. ' 

(4. )  Can  you  mention  an  ancient  religion  in  which  there  were  many  gods  ? 
Each  divinity  might  have  its  own  temple ;  but  what  name  would  de- 
signate a  temple  dedicated  to  all  the  gods  ? 

(5.)  Give  an  adjective  formed  from  the  word  panorama.  Compose  a  sen- 
tence using  the  word  panorama. 

EU,  well  or  rightly. 
[From  the  Greek  eu,  well.] 

c  logy. 

Eu  <  phony.- 
(  pepsy. 

1.  Eulogy  :  logy^  a  speaking = a  speaking  well  of  one.     Defini- 

tion :  praise ;  panegyric. 

2.  Euphony:  phony,   from  phone,   sound = well-sounding;  that  is, 

agreeableness  of  sound. 

3.  Eupepsy  :  pepsy,  from  pepsis,  digestion=good  digestion. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Form  an  adjective  from  '  eulogy. '   Ans.  Eulogistic.    Define  it.    Composo 

a  sentence  using  the  word  eulogy. 
(3.)  Form  an  adjective  from  euphony.     A7is.  Euphonious. 
(3.)  What  is  the  word  denoting  the  opposite  of  eupepsy  ?    Ans.   '  Dyspepsy.* 

'Analyze  it'  (dys^  ill  or  difficult).    Form  an  adjective  from  eupepsy. 

Ans.  Eupeptic.     From  dyspepsy. 


/ 


THE  STUDY  OF  WORDS.  107 


n.--THE  STUDY  OF  WORDS. 

Sincere  :  sine,  without,  and  cei^a  (Latin),  wax — applied  originally 
to  pure  honey  ;  hence  its  derivative  meaning  of  jjure,  unadul- 
terated, true. 

Rival:  twus  (Latin),  a  stream;  rivales^  dwellers  on  the  banks  of 
the  same  stream ;  hence  its  derivative  meaning  of  competi- 
rs,  antagonists,  since  those  who  claimed  the  same  brook 
naturally  got  into  rwalry. 

Sierra  :  literally,  a  saw  ;  applied  to  certain  mountain  ranges  on  ac- 
count of  their  ragged,  indented  edges ;  as  the  ''  Sierra  Ne- 
vada," or  Snowy  range. 

Tribulation  :  tribulum  (Latin),  a  threshing  instrument — literally, 
threshing  or  separating  the  wheat  from  the  chaff ;  hence  its 
metaphorical  application  to  those  trials  and  sufferings  which 
are  designed  to  separate  what  is  good  in  us  from  what  is 
worthless. 

Capricious  :  capra  (Latin),  a  goat^ — literally,  springing  from  one 
thing  to  another  like  the  sudden  leaps  of  a  goat.  Hence 
fickle,  uncertain. 

Virtue  :  mr  (Latin),  a  man — ^literally,  manhood,  bravery,  since  this 
was  the  old  Roman's  leading  idea  of  *  virtue.' 

Pagan  :  paganus  (Latin),  the  inhabitant  of  a,  pagus  or  village.  The 
explanation  is  that  Christianity  first  spread  in  tho  large 
cities,  while  off  in  the  obscure  hamlets  the  inhabitants  re- 
mained long  heathen. 

Savage  :  silva  (Latin),  a  wood — ^literally,  a  dweller  in  a  wood.  The 
secondary  meaning  comes  from  the  fact  that  those  who  lived 
in  the  forest  were  considered  backward  in  civilization. 

Salary  :  sal  (Latin),  salt — literally,  allowance  for  salt.  Compare 
the  phrase  "he  is  not  worth  his  salV^ 

Oval:  ovu7n  (Latin),  an  egg — literally,  egg-shaped. 

Miser  :  miser  (Latin),  wretched — literally,  one  who  makes  himself 
miserable  by  his  niggardliness. 

Lunatic  :  lima  (Latin),  the  moon — literally,  moonstruck.  The  name 
came  from  a  superstitious  notion  that  insanity  was  connected 
with  the  influence  of  the  moon. 

Academy,  a  high  school.  From  Greek  Academia,  a  place  near 
Athens,  where  Plato  taught  philosophy.     Define  Academic. 


108  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Alphabet,  a  list  of  the  letters  of  a  language.  From  Greek  alpha 
and  'beta,  the  first  two  letters  of  tha  Greek  alphabet. 

Arctic,  northern.     From  Greek  arctos,  a  bear. 

Bible,  the  Holy  Scripture.     From  Greek  Uhlos,  a  book. 

Botany,  the  science  of  plants.     From  Greek  hotane,  a  plant. 

Christ,  the  Messiah.     From  Greek  christos,  anointed. 

Cynical  surly.     From  Greek  huon  (cyon),  a  dog. 

Galaxy,  the  milky  way.     From  Greek  galaf,  milk. 

Epheivieral,  lasting  but  a  day.     From  Greek  hemera,  a  day. 

Hippopotamus,  the  river  horse.  From  Greek  liippos,  a  horse,  and 
potamos,  a  river. 

Hydrogen,  one  of  the  elements  of  water.    From  Greek  Jiudor,  water. 

Philosophy  :  the  study  of  general  laws.  Literally,  the  love  of  wis- 
dom :  from  Greek  pMlos,  a  lover,  and  sophia,  wisdom.  Define 
philosopher ;  philosophic. 

Planet  :  a  wandering  or  moving  star.  From  Greek  plane,  a  wander- 
•    er.     De&ae  planetary. 

Politics  :  the  science  of  government.  Literally,  the  government  of 
a  city.     From  Greek  polis,  a  city.     Define  political. 

Sarcasm  :  a  satirical  remark.  From  Greek  sarx,  flesh,  and  literally, 
a  tearing  oif  of  the  flesh. 

Skeptic  :  one  who  doubts.  From  Greek  slceptomai,  to  examine  or 
consider. 

School  :  a  j^lace  of  instruction.     From  Greek  schoU,  leisure. 

Syntax:  the  construction  of  sentences.  From  Greek  syntaods,  ar- 
rangement. 

Tropic  :  tne  point  at  which  the  sun  appears  to  turn  again  towards 
the  equator.     From  Greek  tropos,  a  turning. 

Zodiac  :  an  imaginary  belt  in  the  heavens  in  which  the  constella- 
tions are  marked  by  animal  representations.  From  Greek 
zodialcos,  animal.  Wp/C^^^ 

Epidemic:  a  wide-spread  disease.  From  Greek  epi,  a^sf^Jyv  and 
demos,  the  people. 

Geometry:  that  branch  of  mathematics  which  treats  of  magni. 
tudes.  From  Greek  ge,  the  earth,  and  metreo,  to  measm*e, 
because  the  science  arose  out  of  land  surveying. 

Metropolis  :  the  leading  city  of  a  State  or  kingdom.  From  Greek 
meter,  mother,  dindi  polis,  a  city. 

Anatomy:  from  Greek  «^?2(5^,  through,  and  ^<9?7?e,  cutting.      Dissection. 

Oxygen:  one  of  the  elements.  From  Greek  oxus,  acid,  and  genao, 
to  produc?. 


THE  STUDY  OF  WOEDS.  109 

Antipodes  :  those  who  live  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  globe.  From 
Greek  anti,  opposite,  and  podes,  feet. 

Nausea  :  disposition  to  vomit.  Literally,  sea-sickness — from  Greek 
naus,  a  ship. 

Amphibious  :  from  Greek  ampM^  double,  and  Mos,  life ;  literally, 
having  a  double  life,  that  is,  having  the  power  of  living  in 
two  elements. 

Calculate  :  from  the  Latin  calculi,  pebbles  used  by  the  ancients  to 
aid  them  in  their  mathematical  computations. 

Prepostekous  :  from  the  Latin  prop,  before,  and  posterus,  behind ; 
its  literal  sense  is,  putting  that  before  which  ought  to  be  be- 
hind, that  is,  putting  "  the  cart  before  the  horse." 

Tantalize:  from  Tantalus,  whose  dreadful  punishment  it  was  to 
be  continually  in  sight  of  water,  and  yet  never  allowed  a  di'op 
thereof. 

Dahlia  :  from  the  proper  noun  Dahl,  a  Swede,  who  introduced  the 

cultivation  of  the  dahlia. 
.  Guillotine  :  from  Guillotin,  the  name  of  a  French  doctor  who  in- 
vented that  instrument  of  death. 

Tariff  :  from  Tarifa,  a  Moorish  name  for  a  fortress  on  a  promon- 
tory in  Southern  Spain,  running  into  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 
From  this  fortress  the  Moors,  while  they  held  rule  in  Spain, 
used  to  watch  merchant-ships  passing  into  or  out  of  the  Med- 
iterranean Sea,  and  levy  a  tax  on  them :  hence  the  meaning 
of  "tariff." 

Maxim  :  from  the  Latm  maximum,  greatest,  that  is,  a  saying  having 
a  great  deal  of  meaning  in  a  few  words. 

Curfew  :  from  the  French  couwe  and  feu,  that  is,  *'  cover  up  the 
fire."     In  old  times,  in  England,  whenever 

"  The  curfew  tolled  the  knell  of  parting  day," 

(and  the  bell  rang  regularly  at  eight  o'clock  every  night)  the 
good  folks  quietly  raked  up  and  covered  over  their  fires  and 
retired  to  bed. 
Good-bye  :  the  literal  meaning  of  this  salutation  is,  God  l>e  wV  (or 
with)  you. 


110  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

m.— EXERCISES  ON   SYNONYMS. 
Tame — gentle. 

Tameness  is  produced  by  discipline ;  gentleness  belongs  to  the 
natural  disposition. 

Would  you  say  "  the  lamb  is  tame  in  its  disposition  "  ?  Give  the 
fitting  word,  and  tell  why. 

Would  you  say  *'the  lion  was  made  gentle  by  the  rod  of  his 
keeper  "  ?     Give  the  fitting  word,  and  tell  why. 

Invent — discover. 

To  invent  is  to  produce  something  that  did  not  exist  before ;  to 
discover  is  to  bring  to  light  something  that  existed  but  was  hidden. 

Would  you  say  "Morse  discovered  the  telegraph"  ?  Give  the  fit- 
ting word,  and  tell  why. 

Would  you  say  "  Newton  invented  the  law  of  gravitation  "  ?  Give 
the  fitting  word,  and  tell  why. 

Courage — fortitude. 

Courage  enables  us  to  meet  danger ;  fortitude  gives  us  strength  to 
endure  pain. 

Would  you  say  "  the  Indian  shows  courage  when  he  endures  the 
torment  without  flinching  "  ?     Give  the  fitting  word,  and  tell  why. 

Would  you  say  "  the  three  hundred  under  Leonidas  displayed 
fortitude  in  opposing  the  entire  Persian  army"  ?  Give  the  fitting 
word,  and  tell  why. 

Pride — vanity. 

Pride  makes  us  esteem  ourselves;  vanity  makes  us  desire  the 
esteem  of  others.  Can  you  imagine  that  a  man  might  be  too  proud 
to  be  vain  ? 

Custom — habit. 

Custom  refers  to  an  action ;  habit  refers  to  a  disposition  formed 
in  the  mind  of  a  person. 

Supply  the  proper  words :  "By  the of  walking  in  the  streets, 

one  acquires  a of  idleness. 


EXERCISES  IN   SYNONYMS.  Ill 


Blanch — ^whiten. 

To  Uanch  is  to  make  white  by  withdrawing  coloring  matter ;  thus 
the  cheek  is  Uanched  with  fear,  that  is,  by  the  withdrawing  of  the 
blood.    To  whiten  is  to  cover  with  a  white  color ;  as  to  whiten  a  wall. 

Enough — sufficient. 

Enough  has  reference  to  the  amount  one  wishes  to  have  ;  sufficient 
has  reference  to  what  one  needs.  Accordingly,  *  enough '  generally 
implies  more  than  'sufficient.'  The  miser  in.dij  hsiVQ  sufficient,  but 
he  never  has  enough. 

Genuine — authentic. 

A  genuine  work  is  one  written  by  the  author  whose  name  it  bears ; 
an  authentic  work  is  one  which  relates  truthfully  the  matter  of 
which  it  treats. 

Character — reputation. 

Character  means  those  traits  that  are  peculiar  to  any  person — it  is 
a  positive  description  of  something ;  re'putation  is  what  is  thought 
about  one — its  source  is  hearsay.  It  is  possible  for  a  man  to  have  a 
fair  reputation  who  has  not  in  reality  a  good  character  ;  although 
men  of  really  good  character  2irQ  not  likely  to  have  a  hoidi  reputation. 

Conscientious — scrupulous. 

Conscientious  is  to  scrupulous  as  a  whole  to  a  part.  A  conscientious 
man  is  so  altogether ;  a  scrupulous  man  may  have  only  particular 
scruples.  The  Pharisees  were  scrupulous  without  being  conscien- 
tious ;  we  must  therefore  strive  to  be  conscientious  without  being 
over  scrupulous.  , 

Felicitate — congratulate. 

^o  felicitate  another  is  to  wish  him  happiness,  without  affirming 
that  his  happiness  is  also  ours ;  to  congratulate  implies  that  a  person 
is  sharer  in  another's  joy.  Felicitations  are  a  little  better  than  com- 
pliments ;  congratulations  are  the  expressions  of  genuine  sympathy 
and  pleasure. 


113  WORD-ANALYSIS. 


Ability — c  npac  Ity . 


Ability  respects  action ;  capacity  has  reference  to  thought.  Ability 
always  supposes  something  able  to  be  done ;  capacity  is  a  mental 
endowment,  and  always  supposes  something  ready  to  receive  or 
hold.  We  say  an  able  commander,  an  able  statesman ;  a  man  of  a 
capacious  mind,  a  great  capacity  of  thought.  "The  object  is  too 
big  for  our  capacity,  when  we  would  comprehend  the  circum- 
ference of  a  world." — Addison. 

Silence — ^tacitumity. 

Silence  expresses  less  than  taciturnity:  the  silent  man  does  not 
speak ;  the  taciturn  man  will  not  speak. 

Truth — veracity. 

Truth  belongs  to  the  thing ;  veracity  to  the  person :  the  truth  of 
a  story  is  admitted  upon  the  veracity  of  the  narrator. 

\y  Modest — bashful. 

Modesty  is  a  habit  or  principle  of  the  mind ;  bashfulness  is  a  state 
of  feeling.  A  modest  deportment  is  always  commendable ;  a  bash- 
ful disposition  is  not  desirable  Modesty  is  a  proper  distrust  of 
om*selves,  bashfulness  an  improper  distrust.  A  man  truly  modest  is 
as  much  so  alone  as  when  he  is  in  company. 

Excuse — pardon. 

We  excuse  a  small  fault ;  we  pardon  a  great  fault.  We  exercise 
good  nature  in  excusing  ;  we  exercise  generosity  or  tciqycj  in  pardon- 
ing. Tlie  violation  of  good  manners  is  inexcusable  in  those  who  are 
cultivated ;  falsehood  is  unpardonable  even  in  a  child. 

Civil — polite. 

Polite  expresses  more  than  civil :  it  is  possible  to  be  civil  without 
being  polite.  -  Politeness  supposes  civility  and  something  more. 
Civility  is  contented  with  pleasing  when  the  occasion  offers ;  polite- 
ness  seeks  the  opportunity  to  please.  L^— 


EXERCISES  IN   SYNONYMS.  113 

Treasure — hoard. 

The  idea  of  laying  up  carefully  is  common  to  these  words ;  but  to 
treasure  is  to  lay  up  for  the  sake  of  accumulating.  We  treasure  up 
the  gifts  of  a  friend ;  the  miser  hoards  up  his  money. 

Lifeless — inanimate. 

Lifeless  implies  the  absence  of  life  where  it  has  once  been ;  inani- 
mate, its  absence  where  it  has  never  been.  A  person  is  said  to  be 
lifeless  or  dead  from  whom  life  has  departed ;  the  material  world 
consists  of  objects  which  are  by  nature  inanimate. 

Education — instruction. 

Education  literally  means  a  drawing  out.  It  has  reference  to  the 
discipline  and  development  of  the  faculties  of  the  mind.  Instruo 
tion  literally  means  a  building  up,  that  is,  the  storing  of  the  mind 
with  information.  A  person  may  be  instructed  in  many  things 
without  being,  after  all,  really  educated. 

Worth — value. 

The  worth  of  anything  depends  upon  its  real  merit ;  its  valus  is 
determined  by  what  it  would  bring.  Worth  is  permanent ;  value  is 
changeable. 

EXERCISE. 

Washington  valued  the  sterling  Vo  tn  I  pT  of  Greene. 

Thevo^  Uf  of  a  book  is  immediately  depreciated  by  the  pubUcation  of  a 
better  one  on  the  same  subject. 

V  eracity — ^truth. 

Veracity  regards  persons ;  truth  regards  things.  Truth  is ;  ve- 
racity does.  We  speak  of  the  truth  of  history,  but  of  the  veracity 
of  the  historian. 

EXERCISE. 

Many  accounts  of  travellers  have  been  rejected  as  fabulous  till  other  voy- 
ages have  confirmed  their  ■Uw/X.t 

As  hisy<»*|wft4^has  never  been  called  in  question,  we  have  no  reason  to 
doubt  the  W^^^  of  the  assertion. 


114  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

To  lay — to  lie.  >« 

The  confusion  m  the  use  of  these  verbs  has  arisen  from  the  fact, 
that  the  present  tense  of  the  first  verb  is  spelt  and  pronounced  ex- 
actly in  the  same  way  as  the  past  tense  of  the  second ;  the  parts  of 
both  verbs  are  as  follows: — 

Pres.  Past.  Part. 

Lay  laid  laid 

Lie  lay  lain 

To  lay  is  a  transitive  verb,  and  means  to  place  down  ;  to  lie  is  an 
intransitive  verb,  and  means  to  place  one's  self  down. 

(  Lay  down  the  book  ==  Place  the  book  down. 

1.  •<  I  laid  down  the  book        =1  placed  the  book  down. 

(  The  book  was  laid  down  =The  book  was  placed  down. 
(  Lie  down  =  Place  yourself  down. 

2.  -<  I  lay  down  =1  placed  myself  down. 

(  I  had  lain  down  =1  had  placed  myself  down. 

EXERCISE.  I 

Europe,  in  the  Middle  Ages,  t^^ —  under  a  deep  lethargy.  / 

Before  the  close  of  our  journey  a  shower  of  rain  had  )  ^^  the  dust. 
He  had  not  tu^^-.  down  a  quarter  of  an  hour  before  the  bell  rang  for 
dinner. 

I  intend  to  ^  ^  ■■  in  a  supply  of  coal  for  the  winter. 

Now  I  ^^--"^    me  down  to  sleep. 

Alexander  -^  '^^^   a  plan  for  a  splendid  empire. 

To  expect — to  hope. 

"We  expect  what  we  think  will  probaby  occur ;  we  Tiope  what  we 
strongly  desire  to  happen.  We  may.  expect  an  occurrence  which 
will  give  us  pain — we  do  not  *  hope '  for  it. 

EXERCISE. 

The  storm  raged  with  such  violence  that  none  of  the  passengers the 

vessel  would  outlive  the  gale. 

Every  man to  withdraw  from  the  bustle  of  life  and  spend  his  old 

age  in  quiet  ease. 

To  have — to  possess. 

To  possess  is  a  species  of  having :  what  we  have  does  not  always 
belong  to  us ;  but  we  have  entire  power  over  what  we  possess. 


EXERCISES  IN  SYNONYMS.  115 

EXERCISE. 

I a  small  parcel  at  home  belonging  to  you,  which  shall  be  sent  to 

your  house  early  in  the  morning. 

He  is  in  all  respects  an  excellent  man,  and every  desired  qualifi- 
cation, 

To  bury — to  inter. 

To  hury  is  to  conceal  in  the  earth;  to  inter  is  to  put  into  the 
earth  with  ceremony.  Interring  is  a  species  of  burying.  A  miser 
may  bury  his  money;  those  who  are  buried  with  religious  cere- 
monies are  interred.     Dogs  are  never  interred,  though  often  buried. 

EXERCISE. 

The  house  suddenly  fell  in,  and  six  of  the  workmen  were in  the 

rmins. 

*'  The  evil  that  men  do  lives  after  them, 
The  good  is  oft with  their  bones." 

Mute — dumb. 

A  dumb  man  has  not  the  power  to  speak ;  a  7nute  man  either  does 
not  choose  or  is  not  allowed  to  speak. 

EXERCISE. 

Walter  Scott  seemed  to  have  an  affection  for  every animal  that  be- 
longed to  him. 

"  Long he  stood,  and  leaning  on  his  staff, 

His  wonder  witnessed  with  an  idiot  laugh." 

Belief — faith. 

Belief  exists ;  faith  acts.  Belief  is  a  passive  faith,  and  faith  is 
an  active  belief. 

EXERCISE. 

That  the  world  is  round,  was  in  the  age  of  Columbus  against  the  com- 
mon   of  the  learned. 

'' builds  a  bridge  across  the  gulf  of  death." 

Force — strength. 

Force  is  strength  put  in  action.  A  man  collects  his  strength  to 
strike  with  force. 


116  WOED-ANALYSIS. 

\^  •     EXERCISE. 

The  Greek  mythologists  represent  Atlas  as  a  man  of  such  immense . 

that  he  could  bear  the  world  on  his  shoulders. 

The  lightning  struck  the  oak  with  such that  all  the  branches  were 

stripped  off. 

New — novel. 

What  we  get  in  exchange  for  the  old  is  new  ;  what  has  never  oc- 
curred before  is  novel.    New  is  opposed  to  old ;  novels  to  known. 

EXERCISE. 

Richard's  uncle  made  him  a  present  of  a kite. 

This  doctor  adopts  altogether  a mode  of  treatment  with  his  patients. 

Infirm — weak. 

Those  who  are  infirm  are  weah  ;  but  those  who  are  weak  are  not 
always  infirm.  Weakness  may  proceed  from  various  causes,  as  sick- 
ness, etc. ;  infirmity  is  the  weakness  of  old  age. 

EXERCISE. 

Though  of  great  age,  he  is  a  very  active  man ;  for  at  a  time  of  life  when 
most  men  are and  ailing,  he  performs  all  the  duties  of  life  with  the  en- 
ergy of  youth. 

At  the  time  of  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  Napoleon  was from  sickness 

and  anxiety. 

A  picture — a  painting. 

A  picture  is  a  representation  of  objects  ;  a  painting  is  a  representa- 
tion by  means  of  color.  Color  is  essential  to  a  painting,  though 
not  to  a  picture. 

EXERCISE. 

Macaulay  draws  a  lively of  the  state  of  England  in  the  16th  century. 

The  art  of  mixing  colors,  as  applied  by  the  old  masters  in  their ,  is 

now  lost  to  the  world. 

Genius — talent. 

Genius  creates  ideas ;  talent  reduces  to  practice  the  ideas  of  others. 
In  genius  the  imagination  is  exercised ;  in  talent,  the  memory. 


EXERCISES  IN  SYNONYMS.  117 

EXERCISE. 

Napoleon  Bonaparte  lived  at  a  time  favorable  for  the  display  of  his  mili- 
tary   . 

Me^zofante  had  a  remarkable for  acquiring  language. 

Fruitful — fertile. 

Ground  which  requires  but  little  culture  is  fertile ;  trees  which 
bear  much  fruit  are  fruitful.  Aptness  for  cultivation  is  the  cause 
of  fertility ;  actual  production  is  the  proof  of  fruitf ulness. 

EXERCISE. 

In  many  of  the  West  India  Islands,  the   earth  is  so that  plants  and 

herbs  may  be  said  to  grow  almost  spontaneously. 

Our  orchard  has  proved  more  this  year    than  for  many  previous 

summers. 

Artist — artisan. 

Artist  is  applied  to  one  who  practises  the  fine  arts ;  artisan  to 
one  engaged  in  the  practical  arts.  The  musician,  sculptor,  and 
painter  are  artists;  the  carpenter,  the  sign-painter,  and  the  black- 
smith are  artisans, 

EXERCISE. 

The  densely-populated  parts  of  London  are  inhabited  chiefly  by  laborers 
and . 

Mozart  and  Beethoven  were  the  greatest  musical  — —  the  world  ever  pro- 
duced. 

Pleasure — happiness. 

Pleasure  is  a  temporary  gratification ;  happiness  is  a  continued 
state  of  enjoyment.'  Pleasure  is  derived  through  the  senses ;  hap- 
piness is  an  inward  feeling. 

EXERCISE. 

Wealth,  though  it  assists  our ,  cannot  procure  us » 

Temperance — abstinence. 

Ahstinence  is  the  power  of  refraining ;  temperance  is  the  power  of 
enjoying  with  moderation.  We  abstain  from  what  is  injurious 
to  our  health ;  we  are  temperate  in  our  use  of  what  is  good  for 


118  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

EXERCISE. 

Mohammed  commanded from  wine  and  pork  to  his  followers. 

I  advised  him  to  be in  eating  and  drinking. 

Between — among. 

Among  is  derived  from  on  many ;  between,  from  hy  twain.  The 
former  is  used  in  speaking  of  a  larger  number;  the  latter,  never 
when  more  than  two  are  concerned.  The  etymologies  of  these  two 
prepositions  will  suggest  their  proper  use.  A  man  is  therefore  be- 
tween his  friends  when  he  has  one  on  each  side  of  him  ;  and  he  is 
among  his  friends  when  he  is  surrounded  by  several. 

EXERCISE. 

There  is  no  resemblance  the   hieroglyphics    of  Egypt  and  the 

Chinese  characters. 
The  prize-money  was  divided  equally the  ship's  crew. 

ShaU— wiU. 

♦ 
The  following  explanations  will  show  the  distinction  between 
these  auxiliaries : — 

I.  When  the  sentence  is  affirmative,  shall,  in  the  first  person,  ex- 
presses purpose  or  intention ;  in  the  second  and  third,  it  commands. 

Will,  in  the  first  person,  promises ;  in  the  second  and  third,  it 
expresses  purpose. 

II.  When  the  sentence  is  interrogative,  shall,  in  the  first  and  third 
persons,  asks  the  permission  or  advice  of  another ;  in  the  second,  it 
ask/the  intention  of  another. 

Will  is  never  used  properly  (interrogatively)  in  the  first  person 
singular  or  plural ;  in  the  second,  it  inquires  about  the  will,  and  in 
the  third,  about  the  purpose  of  others. 

The  table  below  will  more  clearly  explain  the  distinction  between 
these  words.  -^ 

I.  (Affirmatively.) 

Singular. 

2   f  I  shall  go  =1  intend  to  go.  /A 

'  I  I  will  go  =1  promise  to  go.         U  V 

2  j  You  shall  go  =1  command  you  to  goT^/^ 

•  I  You  will  go  =  You  intend  to  go.  A. 

g  j  He  shall  go  =1  command  him  to  go(j  ] 

^"  1  He  will  go  =  He  intends  to  go.  r\J 


EXERCISES  IN  SYNONYMS.  119 

Plural. 


-    (  We  shall  go  =  We  intend  to  go. 

I  We  will  go  =  We  promise  to  go. 
2.     As  the  singular. 

q  j  They  shall  go  =1  command  them  to  go. 

•  (  They  will  go  =  They  intend  to  go. 

n.  (Interrogatively.) 


^   j  Shall  I  go  ?  =  Do  you  wish  me  to  go  ? 

(  Will  I  go  ?  =  incorrect  (never  said. ) 

(  Shall  you  go  ?       =  Do  you  intend  to  go  ? 

^-  j  Will  you  go  ?        =  Do  you  ]  ""^P^^  [  to  go  ? 

(  Shall  he  go  ?         =  Do  you  permit  him  to  go  ? 

^'  \  Will  he  go  ?  =  Does  he  [^^^H  \  to  go  ? 

Plural. 

^  j  Shall  we  go  ?         =  Do  you  |  ""^P^^  |  us  to  go  ? 

(  Will  we  go  ?  =  incorrect  (never  said. ) 
2.     As  the  singular. 

q   (  Shall  they  go  ?  =  Do  you  choose  them  to  go  ? 

^'  \  Will  they  go  ?  =  Do  they  intend  to  go  ? 

EXERCISE. 

"  He  was  a  man,  take  him  for  all  in  all, 
We  ne'er look  upon  his  like  again.  '* 

"  I not  urge  that  private  considerations  ought  always  to  give  way  to 

the  necessities  of  the  public. " 

"  The  law be  known  to-morrow  to  far  the  greatest  number  of  those 

who  may  be  tempted  to  break  it." 

I go  to  Brighton  to-morrow,  and take  an  early  opportunity 

of  calling  on  your  friend  there. 

"  But  of  the  tree  of  knowledge  of  good  and  evil  thou not  eat ;  for 

in  the  day  that  thou  eatest  thereof,  thou surely  die.'* 


>^ 


120  '^^{f  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

IV.— LATIN  WORDS  AND  PHRASES  IN  CURRENT  USE. 


LATIN  WOKDS. 


Aborig^ines,  the  original  inhabit- 
ants of  a  country. 

AVias,  otherwise. 

AIM,  elsewhere. 

An^glice,  in  English. 

Ga%eat,  let  him  be  cautious. 

Gonftra,  on  the  other  hand. 

Dele,  expunge. 

EquiliVrium,  equality  of  weight. 

Er'go,  therefore.  • 

Ex' it,*  departure. 

EoD-temf pore,  at  the  time ;  i.  e., 
without  previous  writing. 

FaceHicB,  witty  sayings. 

Fi'at,  let  it  be  done. 

Fi'iiis,  the  end. 

Gra'tis,  for  nothing. 

Hia'tus,  an  opening  or  gap. 

Imprima'tur,  let  it  be  printed. 

Impri'mis,  in  the  first  place. 


Impromp'tu,    with    promptness ; 

off-hand. 
Infterim,  in  the  mean  time. 
Ftem,  also. 

Ma'nes,  departed  spirits. 
Maximum,  the  greatest  quantity. 
Mm'imum,  the  least  quantity. 
Pas'sim,  everywhere. 
Quon^dam,  formerly ;  once. 
Kecipe,  See  Lat.  47. 
Besur'gam,  I  shall  rise  again. 
Seria'tim,  in  regular  order. 
Vale  !  farewell ! 
Verba' tim,  word  for  word. 
Ver'sus,  against,  contracted  m 
Veto,  I  forbid  it. 
Vi'a,  by  the  way  of. 
VideVicet,  to  wit,  contracted  viz. 
Vi'ce,  in  the  place  of. 


LATIN   PHKASES. 


/m5  ini^tio,^  from  the  beginning. 
Ad  captan'dum,  for  the  purpose 

of  taking,  i.  e.,  pleasing. 
Ad  infini'tum,   to   an   unlimited 

extent. 
■Ad  liVitum,  at  pleasure. 
Ad  'oalo'rem,  according  to  value. 
AVma  ma'ter,  gentle  mother. 
A'mor  pa' trice,  love  of  country. 

1  fortio'ri,^  with  stronger  rea- 
^    son. 

^A  prio'ri,  beforehand  ;  from  pre- 
vious knowledge. 


A  posterio'ri,  afterwards;  from 
trial. 

Argumen'tum  ad  hom'inem,  an 
argument  particularly  applica- 
ble to  the  pei-son  to  whom  it  is 
offered. 

Bo'na  fide,  in*good  faith. 

Gacoe'ihes  scrilen'di,  a  ridiculous 
fondness  for  wiiting. 

Ga'put  mor'tuum,  the  lifeless 
head. 

Gcet'eris  par'ihus,  other  thmgs 
being  the  same. 


*  A  verb,  signrEying,  7ie  {she  or  U)  goes  out. 
t  T  is  here  sounded  like  sh. 


\ 


LATIK  PHRASES  IN  CURRENT  USE. 


f21 


Cui*  bono  ?  for  what  good  ?  i.  e. 
of  what  advantage  ?  or,  of  ad- 
vantage to  whom? 

De  fac'to^  in  fact. 

De  jure,  by  right. 

De  gus^tibus  non  disputanf  duniy 
about  matters  of  taste  it  is  idle 
to  dispute. 

Dei  gratia,  by  the  grace  o:f  God. 

De  no'vo,  anew. 

Deo  wlen'te,  God  willing. 

DramJatis  perso^nce,  the  charac- 
ters represented  in  a  play. 

Ec^ce\  Wmo,  bshold  the  meOi 
Se^^.T^.,  John  xix.  5. 

E^edihe^dra,  from  the  chair  of 
/i^^^^^authority. 
-^    Ex  ofjVcio,  by  virtue  of  the  of- 
fice. 

Ex  par^te,  on  one  side  only. 

Ex  post  fac^ to  (bdidi  Latin),  after 
the  deed. 

Oe^nius  Wei,  the  genius  of  the 
place. 

Id  ge^nus  omfne,  all  that  class  or 
sort. 

In  limfine,  on  the  threshold  ;  at 
the  outset. 

Inpro^pria  perso^na,  in  his  own 
person. 

In  sta^tu  quo,  in  the  state  in 
which  it  was. 

In  terro^rem,  as  a  warning. 

In  to^to,  entirely. 

In  tranfsitu,  on  the  way  or  pas- 
sage. 

Ip^se  dix'it,  literally,  he  himself 
said  so  ;  mere  assertion. 

Ip^so  fao'to,  by  the  fact  itself. 

Lap'sus  linfguae,  a  slip  of  the 
tongue. 

Lex  talio^nis,  the  law  of  retalia- 
tion. 

I// cum  te'nens,  literally,  holding 
the  place  ;  a  substitute. 


Lu^sus  natuWce,  a  sport  or  freak 

of  nature. 
Mag'nacha/ta  (karta),  the  great 

charter. 
Memen^to  moWi,  remember  that 

thou  must  die. 
M^um    et     tu^um^    mine    and 

thine. 
MiraVile  dic^tu,  strange  to  tell. 
Mo^dus  operan  di,  the  manner  of 

oijerating. 
MiiVtum  in  par'm,  a  great  deal 

in  a  small  space. 
Ne  plus  uUtra,  the  greatest  extent 

attainable ;    literally,    nothing 

beyond. 
Woolens  w'lens,  willing  or  not. 
Non  comfpos  menftis,  not  in  right 

mind.  ^wk 

Non  est  i7iven^ms,  it  is  not  found. 
Ostium  cum  dignita^te,  ease  with 

dignity. 
Par  noV ile  fra^rum,  a  noble  pair 

of  brothers. 
Pa^ri  pas^su,  with  equal  pace. 
Pa/ticeps  crim^inis,  a  partaker  of 
J    the  crime. 
Per  se,  by  itself. 
Pri^  ma  fa^  cie,  at  first  view. 
Pri^mum  moVile,  the  first  mover. 
Pro  l)ono  puVlico,  for  the  public 

good. 
Pro  et  con,  for  and  against. 
P'ofor^ma,  for  form's  sake. 
Pro  ra'ta,  in  proportion. 
Pro     tem^pore    (abbremated    pro 

tem.),  for  the  time. 
Quid  pro  quo,  an  equivalent. 
Secun^dum  ar^tem,  according  to 

art  or  professional  rule. 
Si^ne  dVe,   without    fixing    the 

day. 
8i'ne  qua  non  (literally,  without 

which  it  cannot  be  done),  an  in- 
dispensable condition. 


*  Pronounced  ley. 
t  Pronounced  ek'se. 


1^ 


WOED-AKALYSia 


8uH  ge-nferis  (literally,  of  its  own 
kind),  unique. 

Bumf  mum  Wnum,  the  chief 
good. 

Su^um  cuVque  (ky'quy),  to  every- 
one his  due. 

Tem^pusfu'git,  time  flies. 

To^to  ccello,  by  the  breadth  of  the 
sky. 


Va^de  mefcum  (literally,  come 
with  me),  a  guide-book. 

Ve^ni,  m^di,  m^ci,  I  came,  saw, 
conquered. 

Ver'hum  sapienfti,  a  word  is 
enough  to  the  wise. 

Vi^ce  ver^sa,  the  order  being  re- 
versed. 

Vi^va  vo^ce,  with  the  living  voice. 


^ 


v.— GEOGRAPHICAL  DERIVATIVES. 


Ai^'piNE,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to, 

or  resembling  the  Alps. 
An'glican,  a.  English. 
An'glo-Nor'man,   a.  pertaining 

to  the  English  Normans. 
An'glo-Saxon,  a.  pertaining  to 

the  English  Saxons. 
Ar'abic,   a.   of  Arabia ;   8.   the 

language  of  Arabia. 
Asiat'ic,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

Asia. 
Babylo'nish,   a.    pertaining    to 

Babylon. 
Bel^gic,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

Belgium. 
Brazil'ian,  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  Brazil. 
Byzan'tine,  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  Byzantium,   now  Constan- 
tinople. 
Caf^frb,  8.  a  native  of  Caffraria 

in  Africa. 
Caledo'nian,  a.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Scotland ;  n.  a  native  of 

Scotland. 
Californian,  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  California. 
Cam'brian,  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  "Wales  ;  8.  a  Welshman. 
Cana'dian,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

Canada ;  n.  a  native  of  Canada. 
Can'diote,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

Candia :  n.  a  native  of  Candia. 


Caribbe'an,  a.  pertaining  to  the 

Caribbee  islands. 
Cauca'sian,     a.    pertaining    to 

Mount  Caucasus. 
Ceylonese',   8.   the    natives    of 

Ceylon ;  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

Ceylon. 
Chil^ian,  a.  pertaining  to  Chili. 
Chinese',   of  or    pertaining  to 

China ;     n.    the     natives     of 

China. 
ClSAL^piNE,  a.  an  epithet  applied 

to  the  countries  on  that  side  of 

the  Alps  next  to  France. 
Cop' TIC,    a,    pertaining    to    the 

Copts  or  ancient  Egyptians. 
CoREAN,  a.  relating  to  Corea. 
Cor'nish,  a,  of  or  pertaining  to 

Cornwall. 
Cor'tes,  n.  the  States,  or  assem- 
bly of  the  States,  of  Spain  and 

of  Portugal. 
Cre'ole,  n.  one  bom  in  the  West 

Indies  of  Spanish  parents. 
Damasce'ne,  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  Daraascus. 
Dane,  n,  a  native  of  Denmark. 
Egyp'tian,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

Egypt ;  n.  a  native  of  Egypt. 
En'glish,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

England. 
E'thiop,  n,  a  native  of  Ethio- 
pia. 


"^^ 


/k^ 


> 


GE©GRAPHICAL   DERIVATIVES. 


123 


of  or  pertaining 
n,  a    native  of 


Europe' AN,  a. 
to  Europe ; 
Europe. 

Fin'nish,  a,  of  or  pertaining  to 
Finland. 

Flem^ish,  a.  pertaining  to  Flan- 
ders. 

Flor'entine,  a.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Florence;  s.  a  native 
of  Florence. 

Gal'lican,  a.  French. 

Genoese',  a,  of  or  pertaining  to 
Genoa. 

Gre'cian,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Greece. 

Greek,  n.  a  native  of  Greece ;  a, 
of  or  pertaining  to  Greece. 

Hellenic,  relating  to  Hellas,  or 
Greece. 

Hes'sian,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Hesse,  in  Germany. 

Hirer' NiAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Ireland ;  n.  a  native  of  Ire- 
land. 

Hindoo',  n.  a  native  of  Hindos- 
tan. 

Hindostanee',  a.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Hindostan. 

Icelan'dic,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Iceland. 

I'rish,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to  Ire- 
land. 

Ital'ian,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Italy ;  n.  a  native  of  Italy. 

Japanese',  n.  the  natives  of  Ja- 
pan. 

Levan'tine,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
Levant,  a  name  given  to  the 
eastern  part  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea  and  the  countries 
bordering  on  ii 

Maltese',  s,  the  natives  of  Malta ; 
a.  belonging  to  Malta. 

Milanese',  s.  the  natives  of 
Milan. 

Nor' MAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Normandy. 

Norwe'gian,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Norway. 


Ot'toman,  a.  pertaining  to  the 

Turkish  empire. 
Paris' IAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

Paris. 
Parsee',  s.  a  fire- worshipper  of 

the  East  Indies. 
Peru'vian,  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  Peru. 
Pole,  s.  a  native  of  Poland. 
Po'lish,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

Poland. 
Portuguese',  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  Portugal. 
Prussian,  a.  relating  to  Prussia ; 

n.  a  native  of  Prussia. 
Pyrene'an,  a.  pertaining  to  the 

Pyrenees,  mountains  separating 

France  and  Spain. 
Savoy' ARD,  s.  a  native  of  Savoy. 
Sax' ON,  a,  of   or  pertaining  to 

Saxony. 
Scotch,  Scot'tish,  a.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Scotland. 
Siamese',  s.  the  natives  of  Siam. 
Span'iard,  8.  a  native  of  Spain. 
Span'ish,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

Spain. 
Swede,  s.  a  native  of  Sweden. 
Swiss,    a.   of    or    pertaining   to 

Switzerland. 
Syr'iac,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

Syria. 
Tar'  tar,  s,  a  native  of  Tartary. 
Transal'pine,  a.  an  epithet  ap- 
plied to  the  countries. on  that 

side  of  the  Alps  farthest  from 

France. 
Transatlan'tic,   a.  an  epithet 

applied  to  the  countries  beyond 

the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
Turk,  s.  a  native  of  Turkey. 
Tyrolese',  a,  of  or  pertaining  to 

the  Tyrol. 
Vene'tian,  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  Venice. 
Walden'ses,    b.   the  natives  of 

Vaudois  in  Piedmont. 
Welsh,  a.  of  or  pertaining   to 

Wales. 


<y/ 


124 


WOEI>-ANALYSIS. 


VI.— ABBREVIATIONS. 


A.  B.  or  B.  A.  ar'tium  haccalau^- 

reus,  bachelor  of  arts. 
A.   C.    an^te    Ghris^tum,    before 

Christ. 
A.  D.  an^no  domfin%  in  the  year 

of  our  Lord. 
Ala.  Alabama. 

A..   M.   an^te   meridfiem^    before 
'      noon ;  or,  an' no  mun  d%  in  the 

year  of  the  world ;  or,  ar'tium 

magis'ter^  master  of  arts. 
Anon,  anonymous. 
Ark.  Arkansas. 

A.  U.  C.  an' no  ur'tis  con'ditm^  in 
the  year  of  the  city,  i.  e.  Rome. 

Bart.  Caronet. 

B.  C.  i)6f  ore  Christ. 

B.  D.  I  lyac^alau' reus   dimnita'tis, 

bachelor  of  divinity. 
Capt.  captain. 
Co.  company. 
Col.  colonel. 
Com.  commodore. 
Cr.  creditor. 
Cts.  cents. 

Cwt.  hundred  weight. 
D.  C.  District  of  Columbia. 
t).  D.  divinita'tis  doc' tor,  doctor 

of  divinity. 
Dec.  December. 
Del.  Delaware. 
Do.  or  Ditto,  the  same. 
Dr.  doctor,  or  debtor. 

D.  V.  De'o  volen'te,  Grod  willing. 
Dwt.  pennyweight. 

E.  g.  exemfpli  gra'tia,  for  exam- 
ple. 

Esq.  esquire. 
Feb.  February. 
Fla.  Florida. 
Fol.  folio. 

F.  R.  S.  Fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety. 

Ga.  Georgia. 

Gen.  general;  Genesis. 

Geo.  George. 

Gov.  governor. 


Hhd.  hogshead. 

H.  B.   M.  his  or  her  Britannie 

majesty. 
Hon.  honorable, 
la.  or  Ind.  Indiana, 
lb.  iWdem,  in  the  same  place. 
Id.  i'dem,  the  same. 
I.  e.  id  est,  that  is. 
111.  Illinois. 

Incog,  incog' nito,  unknown. 
Inst,  instant,  i.  e.  present,  at  hand. 
Jun.  jun'ior,  younger. 
Ky.  Kentucky. 
La  Louisiana. 
Lat.  latitude. 
L.  C.  Lower  Canada. 
Lieut,  lieutenant. 
LL.  D.  le^gum  doc' tor,  doctor  of 

laws. 
Lon.  longitude. 
L.  S.  lo'cus  sigil'li,  the  place  of 

the  seal. 
M.  mil'le,  a  thousand. 
Maj.  major. 
Mass.  Massachusetts. 
M.  C.  member  of  Congress. 
Md.  Maryland. 
M.  D.  medici'nm  docftor,  doctor 

of  medicine. 
Me.  Maine. 
Messrs.  Messieurs. 
Mi.  Mississippi. 
Mich.  Michigan. 
Mo.  Missouri. 

M.  P.  member  of  parliament. 
Mr.  Mister. 
Mrs.  Mistress. 
MS.  manuscript. 
MSS.  manuscripts. 
N".  B.  no'ta  te'ne,  mark  well;  i.  e. 

take  particular  notice. 
N".  C.  North  Carolina. 
Nem.  con.  nem'ine  contradicen'te^ 

no  one  expressing  dissent. 
N".  H.  New  Hampshire. 
N.  J.  Nerw  Jersey. 
No.  number. 


^BBEVIATIONS. 


125 


Nov.  Kovember. 

N.  Y.  New  York. 

O.  Ohio. 

Oct.  October. 

O.  S.  old  style. 

Oz.  ounces. 

Pa.  or  Penn.  Pennsylvania. 

P.  M.  post-master ;  or,  post  mer- 
id/iem,  after  noon. 

P.  O.  post-office. 

Pres.  president. 

Prof,  professor. 

P.  S.  post  script  turn  (written  af- 
terwards), postscript. 

Q.  E.  D.  quod  drat  demonstran' - 
dum,  which  was  to  be  demon- 
strated. 

Rev.  reverend ;  Revelation. 

R.  I.  Rhode  Island. 

S.  A.  South  America. 

S.  C.  South  Carolina. 

Sec.  secretary;  second. 

Sen.  senior;  senator. 


Sept.  September. 

St.  street ;  saint. 

S.  T.  D.  sanc'tm  theolo^gm  doc^tor^ 
doctor  of  theolog}^ 

Tenn.  Tennessee. 

Thos.  Thomas. 

Ult.  uVtimo  (men^se),  the  last 
(month). 

U.  S.  A.  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica. 

Va.  Virginia. 

Viz.  mdeVicet,  to  wit. 

vs.  ver^sus,  against. 

Vt.  Vermont. 

Xmas,  Christmas. 

Yd.  yard. 

&  et,  and. 

&c.  et  cefera,  and  the  other 
things,  i.  e.  and  so  forth. 

4to.  quarto. 

8vo.-  octavo. 

12mo.  duodecimo. 


^ 


The  End. 


r3  36584 


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